1、Designation: D5613 94 (Reapproved 2014)Standard Test Method forOpen-Channel Measurement of Time of Travel Using DyeTracers1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5613; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, t
2、he year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers a means of measuring thetime-of-travel of water and waterborne solutes by the use o
3、fdye tracers and tracing techniques. This test method is similarto methods developed by the U.S. Geological Survey anddescribed in other referenced documents.1.2 This test method describes the dye tracers, measuringequipment used, and field and laboratory procedures custom-arily used.1.3 This test m
4、ethod describes the methods of tracer studyanalysis and data presentation.1.4 The user of this test method should address the follow-ing concerns regarding the use of tracers in water bodies:1.4.1 Determine whether the chemical has clearance orapproval or has potential or preceived impacts relating
5、topotable, industrial, irrigation, or fish and wildlife use.1.4.2 Determine whether approvals are required by involvedagencies.1.4.3 Document contacts regarding notification.1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units except for chemi-cal concentrations and liquid volumes for step dilutions, whichare
6、stated in SI units, are to be regarded as the standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility
7、 of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazardsstatements, see Section 9.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1192 Guide for Equipment for Sampling Water and Steamin Closed Conduits (Withdrawn 2003)3D2777 Practice for Determination of Precision and Bias ofApplicable Test Methods
8、 of Committee D19 on WaterD3370 Practices for Sampling Water from Closed ConduitsD3858 Test Method for Open-Channel Flow Measurementof Water by Velocity-Area MethodD4411 Guide for Sampling Fluvial Sediment in Motion2.2 ISO Standard:4ISO 555/2-1974 Liquid Flow Measurement in OpenChannelsDilution Meth
9、ods for Measurement of SteadyFlow, Part 2: Integration (Sudden Injection) Method.3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 automatic programmable samplera portable devicedesigned to collect sequential, discrete water samples repre-sentative of the water mixture moving in
10、 the river in thevicinity of the sampler at a single point in a cross section.Depending on the make and model of the device, watersamples can be collected at equal or variable time intervals.3.1.2 centroidthe center of mass of the dye response curvecalculated as outlined by Parker and Hunt (1).53.1.
11、3 depth-integrated samplea water sample collected insuch a manner as to be representative of the water mixturemoving in the river in the vicinity of the sampler at a singlevertical in a cross section.3.1.4 dispersionthe three-dimensional process of dissemi-nating the dye within a rivers waters.3.1.5
12、 flow durationthe percentage of time during which aspecific discharge is equalled or exceeded.3.1.6 fluorometeran instrument that measures the lumi-nescence of a fluorescent substance when subjected to a lightsource of a given wave length.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee
13、 D19 on Waterand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D19.07 on Sediments,Geomorphology, and Open-Channel Flow.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2014. Published March 2014. Originallyapproved in 1994. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D5613 94 (2008).DOI: 10.1520/D5613-94R14.2For refe
14、renced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced o
15、nwww.astm.org.4Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.5The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end ofthis test method.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box
16、C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.1.7 injection sitea study site where the tracer is to beintroduced into a parcel of river water. This study site is usuallya sufficient distance upstream of the study reach such thatcomplete vertical and lateral mixing of the tracer in a parcel
17、 ofriver water has occurred before the water parcels entry into thestudy reach.3.1.8 lateral dispersionthe process of disseminating thedye within a river waters horizontal axis perpendicular to itslongitudinal axis. The completion of this process is dependenton the width of the river and velocity va
18、riations.3.1.9 leading edgethe first detectable dye concentrationobserved at a sampling site.3.1.10 longitudinal dispersionthe process of disseminat-ing the dye within a rivers waters along its upstream-downstream axis. This component of the dispersion processcontinues downstream indefinitely.3.1.11
19、 mixingthe blending of two or more substances intoone uniform mass.3.1.12 peakthe maximum dye concentration observed at asampling site.3.1.13 point samplea water sample collected in such amanner as to be representative of the water mixture moving inthe river in the vicinity of the sampler at a singl
20、e point in across section.3.1.14 sample sitea study site where water samples arecollected for determination of the tracer-concentration re-sponse curve.3.1.15 standard integrated depth samplera device de-signed to accumulate a water sample from a stream vertical atsuch a rate that the velocity in th
21、e nozzle at the point of intakeis always as nearly as possible identical with the immediatestream velocity.3.1.16 study reachthe section of a rivers length that is tobe studied.3.1.17 study sitesections of a river where data are to bedetermined, monitored, measured, and where tracer is to beintroduc
22、ed into the river.3.1.18 tracer response curveat each sampling site, theplots of tracer concentration versus time after the tracerinjection.3.1.19 trailing edgethe point of the falling limb of the dyeresponse curve that is equal to approximately 2 % of the peakconcentration observed at a sampling si
23、te.3.1.20 vertical dispersionthe process of disseminating thedye within a rivers waters vertical axis perpendicular to itsupstream-downstream axis. This dispersion process is usuallycompleted first.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Dye tracers injected into a stream are assumed to behavein the same manne
24、r as the water molecules themselves. Ameasure of the longitudinal movement of a tracer along a givenstreamline will be a measure of the movement of an element offluid in the stream and of its dispersion characteristics for thatstreamline.4.2 The initial planning of a dye tracer time-of-travel studyi
25、nvolves the estimation of stream velocities and the requiredtracer injection volume. The information necessary for theseestimations is obtained by reviewing historical flow data andtopographic maps and by making a reconnaissance of theproposed study reach.4.3 The time-of-travel for a given flow is d
26、etermined byobserving the passage of a slug-injected dye tracer cloud atpreviously identified locations along the study reach. The dyecloud response curve is defined at each reach location (studysite) by measuring the dye concentration in collected watersamples and noting the time that each sample w
27、as collectedsince the tracer injection.4.4 After tracer studies have been conducted at two or moreflow durations on the study reach, estimation of the time-of-travel and dispersion of a solute can be made at any flowbetween those studied. Tracer studies are typically performedat 40 to 90 % flow dura
28、tion ranges.5. Significance and Use5.1 Purpose:5.1.1 This test method covers the use of fluorescent dyetracers in streams to determine the rate that a solute movesalong a streamline for a given river reach and the rate at whicha solute disperses as it moves downstream.5.1.2 Accurate measurements of
29、a streams velocity anddispersion coefficient that can be determined by a tracer studyare important parameters for water-quality models.5.1.3 Determined in advance to potential spilled or releasednoxious substances, velocity and dispersion rates are used topredict the time of arrival, passage time, a
30、nd maximumconcentration. Public health officials need this information todecide whether, when, and how long to suspend operations ofpublic water-supply intakes in the reach downstream of a spill.5.2 Assumptions:5.2.1 This test method assumes that the dye tracer behavesin the same manner as the water
31、 in which it is injected.Dispersion and mixing of the tracer in the receiving river occurin all three dimensions of the channel. Longitudinal mixing isunending since boundaries do not exist in this direction.5.2.2 The tracer response curve at a point downstream fromthe point of tracer injection can
32、be represented by plotting thetracer concentration against elapsed time since the injection(Fig. 1).5.2.3 A tracer response curve has four important character-istics: the elapsed time to the response curves leading edge;elapsed time to the response curves peak concentration;elapsed time to the respo
33、nse curves centroid; and elapsed timeto response curve trailing edge at 2 % of the peak concentra-tion.5.2.4 Between two monitoring locations separated by a longstream length, the time-of-travel for individual response curvecharacteristics is the difference in the elapsed times sinceinjection for th
34、at characteristic at the two locations.5.2.5 The duration or time of passage of a tracer responsecurve at a particular river location is the difference between theD5613 94 (2014)2slowest trailing edge elapsed time since injection and theearliest leading edge elapsed time since injection determined i
35、nthe cross section.5.3 Tracers:5.3.1 Conservative tracers used to investigate fluid motionare generally extrinsic, artificial, and chemical substances andare usually classified according to the methods of detectionused and chemical composition.5.3.2 Properties to be considered when selecting a trace
36、r fora study include detectability, toxicity, solubility, cost, naturalbackground concentration, and sorption characteristics.5.3.3 Fluorescent dye tracers such as Rhodamine WT,pontacyl pink, and acid yellow 7 are generally good chemicaltracers. Rhodamine WT has the most numerous qualitiespreferred
37、by many state and federal agencies for open-channelstudies.5.3.4 Other tracers can be used when water-quality orphysical conditions are not suitable for the use of fluorescentdyes in a proposed study reach. These include salt-basedchemical tracers such as sodium chloride, radioactive tracerssuch as
38、tritium, and tracers determined with neutron activationanalysis such as bromine and lithium (3).5.3.5 These tracers are considered to be generally conser-vative and, in terms of this test method, differ primarily in theapparatus required to measure the concentrations in the studyreach. Discussions i
39、n subsequent sections will be limited tofluorescent dye because of the simplicity of fluorometricanalysis.5.3.6 Different tracers require varied levels of permitsbefore being introduced into the environment. For example,radioactive tracers require permits from the Nuclear Regula-tory Commission (NRC
40、) and usually state and local permits.Fluorescent dye tracers do not usually require formal permitsfor use in a study.6. Interferences6.1 Natural water may exhibit background fluorescence thatis not the result of a fluorescent dye tracer. This backgroundfluorescence may result from scattered light,
41、fluorescence ofnatural materials or pollutants, or other causes (4).6.2 The fluorescence of Rhodamine WT is stable in solu-tions having a pH in the range from 5 to 10, which is within therange of most streams. Rhodamine WT fluorescent decreaseswhen in solutions having a pH below 5 (5).6.3 Dye tracer
42、 fluorescence may be quenched by the actionof other chemicals in the streamwater. The quenching agentmay cause any of the following to occur (6): absorption ofexciting light, absorption of light emitted by the dye, degrada-tion of the excited-state energy, and chemically changing thefluorescent comp
43、ound of the dye tracer.6.4 The permanent reduction of Rhodamine dye tracerfluorescence can be caused by photochemical decay as a resultof exposure to sunlight (7). Sunlight degradation half-lives forthe dye at the water surface to a depth of 0.03 ft ranged from15 to 30 days at 30 North latitude, dep
44、ending on the season ofthe year. The degradation half-lives ranged from 15 to 44 daysat 40 North latitude, depending on the season of the year. Thephotochemical decay half-life increases with increased waterdepth and decreasing light intensity; it is therefore not aconcern for most practical problem
45、s.FIG. 1 Travel Time from Burnham Versus Concentration at Clinton, Maine, Sept. 1820, 1979 (from Parker) (2)D5613 94 (2014)37. Apparatus7.1 Dye is usually injected by pouring a measured amountas a slug into the center of the flow from a graduated laboratorycylinder. Graduated laboratory cylinders ar
46、e convenient formeasuring and injecting small volumes. Large-volume injec-tions can be measured in terms of full dye containers. Themeasured volumes of tracer to be injected can be mixed withstreamwater in a larger container that can also be used as aninjection vessel.7.1.1 Multiple-point injections
47、 across the channel are usedon wide streams to shorten the effective length of river requiredfor lateral mixing of the tracer to be completed. The volume oftracer to be injected is divided into several injection vesselsthat are poured in the stream simultaneously at several pointsalong the cross sec
48、tion. A variation of this approach is to makea line injection by pouring the tracer continuously whilecrossing the stream. Such an injection should be limited to thecenter 75 % of the flow. This limitation of injection willoptimize the reach length required for complete transversemixing of the trace
49、r.7.2 Sample collection apparatuses range in sophisticationfrom hand-held samplers to programmable automatic samplecollection systems. The selection of sample collection devicesdepends on the size of the study, availability of personnel, andhydrologic conditions at each sample site. Any point samplingmethod may be used where complete mixing has occurred;however, a depth-integrated sample may be necessary wheremixing may not have been achieved.7.2.1 Glass bottles are preferred when long-term storage isanticipated between the sample collection and
