1、Designation: D 5496 98 (Reapproved 2009)Standard Practice forIn Field Immersion Testing of Geosynthetics1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5496; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last r
2、evision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice describes an approach and methodologyfor immersion testing of geosynthetics (for example, geomem-branes used f
3、or landfill liner).1.2 This practice does not provide for definition of thetesting to be performed on the geosynthetic samples for fieldimmersion. This practice does not address the determination ofresistance of the geosynthetic to the liquid in which it isimmersed. The user of this practice is refe
4、rred to the appropri-ate Standard Guide for Tests to evaluate the chemical resis-tance and for defining the testing to be performed for each ofthe geosynthetic components listed in 2.1.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
5、responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD 4439 Terminology for GeosyntheticsD 5322 Practi
6、ce for Laboratory Immersion Procedures forEvaluating the Chemical Resistance of Geosynthetics toLiquids3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 field testing, ntesting performed in the field underactual conditions of temperature and exposure to the fluids forwhich the immersion testing is being performed
7、.3.1.2 For definitions relating to geosynthetics, refer toTerminology D 4439.3.1.3 For definitions relating to textiles, refer to Terminol-ogy D 123.4. Significance and Use4.1 This practice provides an approach and methodology forconducting field immersion testing of geosynthetics used in theconstru
8、ction of liners in reservoirs, ponds, impoundments, orlandfills for containing liquids and solids. This practice shouldbe performed in accordance to and in conjunction with D 5322for assessing chemical resistance under both laboratory andfield conditions.4.2 The specification of procedures in this p
9、ractice isintended to serve as a guide for those wishing to compare orinvestigate the chemical resistance of geosynthetics underactual field conditions.5. Apparatus5.1 Sample Container, for containment of the geosynthetictest specimens. The containers should be perforated on all sidesand at the bott
10、om to allow for complete flooding of the testspecimens. Stainless steel, or other chemically resistant steelalloys, is recommended. Do not use 316 stainless steel forfluids known to contain high-chloride ion concentrations.NOTE 1A chemical analysis of the fluid should be available to theuser prior t
11、o the start of field compatibility testing to allow for a review ofa suitable material of construction for the sample container. If in doubt,tests can be conducted by placing samples of the sample containermaterial of construction in the fluid for a suitable period of time todetermine compatibility
12、of the sample container with the fluid. If in doubt,and testing cannot be performed prior to start of field compatibility testing,then an alloy such as Carpenter 20 or tantalum-coated carbon steel shouldbe considered for any field samples that will be exposed to aggressivefluids for more than one ye
13、ar.5.1.1 The size of the sample container is not specified sinceit will be dependent on the number of geosynthetic specimensrequiring testing and the size of the sump, tank, or other deviceused for conducting the field testing.5.1.2 Sample Container Lid, to allow easy access for plac-ing and removin
14、g geosynthetic specimens from the container.The lid should be constructed from the same material as thesample container and perforated to allow for contact betweenfluid and the geosynthetic samples within the container. Inaddition, the lid should be secured to the container using1This practice is un
15、der the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 on Geosyn-thetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.02 on EnduranceProperties.Current edition approved June 1, 2009. Published July 2009. Originally approvedin 1993. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D 5496 98 (2003).2For referenc
16、ed ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Co
17、nshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.threaded rods made from the same material as the container.Do not use dissimilar metals when fabricating parts of thesample containers as this may result in severe corrosion of thecompleted assembly.5.1.3 Sample Container Cables, to place the sample con-taine
18、rs within sumps or tanks. It is recommended that twocables be attached to each container, one made from the samematerial as the sample container, and the other, as a backup,made from14-in. polypropylene rope.6. Hazards6.1 WarningThe fluids used in this practice may containhazardous or toxic chemical
19、s. Take appropriate precautionswhen handling hazardous waste, chemicals, and the fluid. Allpersonnel handling or exposed to the fluids used for theimmersion testing should wear equipment suitable for protec-tion from the chemicals present in the fluid. Take care toprevent spilling any hazardous mate
20、rials or fluids, and clean upany accidental spills that may occur away from the collectionsump or tank used for conducting the fluid exposure.NOTE 2The user should refer to local, state, or federal laws andpractices regarding the conduct of this type of testing at hazardous wastesites or other simil
21、ar facilities.7. Sampling7.1 In the absence of site specific sampling agreed upon bythe user and between the testing agency, take samples of thegeosynthetic(s) to be tested in a manner appropriate for theparticular material and for the tests to be performed on theexposed materials. It is essential t
22、hat all initial samples havephysical properties that are as similar as possible. Refer to thesection on sampling in the applicable standard for the chemicalresistance of the specific geosynthetic to be tested.7.2 Prepare one complete set of samples in accordance with7.1 for each testing interval ide
23、ntified in 8.8 of this practice,plus three additional sample sets. Identify and use one of theadditional sets as the unexposed samples. Identify the othertwo sample sets as spares.NOTE 3If field testing is being performed in conjunction withlaboratory immersion testing, then only the two spare sampl
24、e sets, asdescribed in 7.2, are required. The unexposed sample set used for thelaboratory immersion testing can be used as the unexposed sample set forthe field testing.8. Procedure8.1 Sample Container PreparationThoroughly clean thecontainer and lid prior to placement of geosynthetic samples.Use of
25、 tap or service water for final rinse of the container isacceptable.8.2 Sample PlacementPlace the geosynthetic materialsamples in the sample container in such a way so that contactwith other sheets of material is limited as much as possible. Donot place different types of resin materials in the same
26、 vessel ifit can be avoided. If space within the sample containerspermits, then place spacers, made from a material known to beinert with the fluid, between geosynthetic sheets or betweensheets and the sample container walls, or both.NOTE 4Placement of geosynthetic sample containers may be dictatedb
27、y landfill permit or other operating conditions. In those circumstanceswhere the number and size of sample containers must be limited due tophysical constraints of the sump or tank in which the containers are to beinstalled, or due to regulatory limitations on maximum head (or othersimilar stipulati
28、on) then place the geosynthetic samples in the mostefficient manner possible. This can be accomplished by reducing the totalnumber and size of the sample containers. For these situations it isallowable to place dissimilar resins within the same container andeliminate, if necessary, the spacers betwe
29、en geosynthetic sheets andbetween sheets and side walls.8.3 Assembling the ContainersAssemble the sample con-tainers, lids, and cabling in a manner that will minimizemovement of the specimens within the final containers andmaintain the structural integrity of the sample containerthroughout the testi
30、ng interval(s). Use sufficiently longthreaded rods for joining all sample containers that will have tobe removed at the same testing interval. This will minimize thenumber of cables required for securing the sample containersand make the job of removing and shipping the exposedcontainers easier. Sin
31、ce it is very likely that assembled systemswill have to be turned on their sides or rotated duringplacement, fasten all spacers used in the sample containers toeither the side walls or to adjoining geosynthetic sheets.8.3.1 If more than one container is being installed, it isextremely important to m
32、ark or label the cables, or both foreach assembly so that removal of the assemblies can beminimized.8.3.2 Construct final assemblies to minimize sharp cornersand any other protrusions from the face of the assembly so thatthe polyethylene bags used to wrap the assemblies for shipmentto the laboratory
33、 will not be easily punctured or torn.8.4 Placing Final AssembliesPerform placement of as-sembled sample container(s) within sumps, tanks, or other fluidstorage devices with caution since exposure to fluid or fumes insumps is a possibility. Position assemblies within the sump ortank used for field e
34、xposure in such a way so as to assure thatthey will be completely immersed within the fluid at all times.8.4.1 For sumps or tanks with level control devices, installthe assembled sample containers below the low-level positionin order to ensure flooded conditions at all times.8.4.2 After making sure
35、that the assemblies have beeninstalled properly within the tank or sump, secure the cables toa permanent part of the sump or tank to ensure that theassemblies can be removed.8.4.3 If more than one assembly is being installed, installthe assemblies so that the first assembly placed is the last to ber
36、emoved and so on. Use visible labels and other marks toclearly identify testing intervals on assemblies.8.5 Removal of AssembliesRemove assemblies fromsumps or tanks with caution since exposure to fluids or fumesfrom sumps is a possibility. Use cables to pull the assemblyfrom the sump or tank. Bring
37、 each assembly near the surface ofD 5496 98 (2009)2the sump or tank, without complete removal, to allow fordraining as much of the fluid from the sample containers aspossible.8.5.1 Allow each assembly to drain for a minimum of 30min as a precaution to minimize exposure of workers to fluid.After drai
38、ning, wash each assembly with tap or service waterfor 15 min to further remove as much fluid as possible from thesample containers.8.5.2 After rinsing, allow each assembly to drain for another30 min prior to complete removal from the sump or tank.8.5.3 Pull each assembly from the sump or tank and pl
39、ace ina suitable location capable of handling any fluid that maycontinue to drain from the assembly. Perform the final samplecontainer preparation for shipping and testing within no morethan 30 min from the time of removal from the sump or tank.8.6 Shipping of Geosynthetic SamplesWrap each assem-bly
40、 in multiple layers of heavy-duty polyethylene bags so thatgeosynthetic samples (particularly geotextiles) will remain wetduring the shipping and unpacking process. This also hopefullyeliminates leakage of fluid during shipping. Exercise care tomake certain that the plastic bags are placed over corn
41、ers andother sharp edges or protrusions of the assembly withouttearing or puncturing the bags.8.6.1 Place the wrapped assemblies in a cardboard boxsuitable for overnight shipment to the testing laboratory.Perform no sample preparation, other than that describedabove, in the field. If assemblies have
42、 been carefully wrapped,then all geosynthetic material specimens should remain wetduring shipment. Caution should be exercised when wrappingand shipping the sample containers, since most fluids used forthis testing may contain hazardous or toxic materials.NOTE 5Local, state, and federal regulations
43、must be satisfied withregards to packaging and shipping of immersed samples.8.7 Laboratory Handling of SamplesCarefully unpack thewrapped sample container at the testing laboratory, observingthe precautions stated in 6.1 of this practice. Handle allgeosynthetic samples (including piping) in accordan
44、ce with 9.2of Practice D 5322.8.8 Test Period SelectionPrepare sufficient geosyntheticsamples for unexposed testing and planned testing intervals,plus two additional sample sets.8.8.1 The user will define the testing intervals for thispractice and specify them in the reference to the use of thisprac
45、tice (that is, perform field tests using D 5496 for periods ofone and five years). If laboratory compatibility testing is alsobeing conducted, in accordance with Practice D 5322,inconjunction with field testing, then the testing interval for thefield testing should, at a minimum, be the final testin
46、g intervalof the laboratory testing program.9. Report9.1 State the procedures used for defining the testing per-formed on each of the geosynthetics tested.9.2 Describe each of the geosynthetic materials or productsevaluated and the sampling method used.9.3 Describe the location where the field sampl
47、e containerswere installed.9.4 Include the following information in the report for eachtesting interval of the field testing:9.4.1 The date that the samples were installed and removed.9.4.2 The date that the samples were received at thelaboratory.9.4.3 The results of the testing performed.10. Keywor
48、ds10.1 chemical resistance; field testing; geosynthetics;immersionASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any s
49、uch patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your
