1、Designation: D 5450/D 5450M 93 (Reapproved 2006)Standard Test Method forTransverse Tensile Properties of Hoop Wound PolymerMatrix Composite Cylinders1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5450/D 5450M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original ado
2、ption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method determines the transverse tensile prop-erties of woun
3、d polymer matrix composites reinforced byhigh-modulus continuous fibers. It describes testing of hoopwound (90) cylinders in axial tension for determination oftransverse tensile properties.1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. Within t
4、he text, theinch-pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated ineach system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each systemmust be used independently of the other. Combining valuesfrom the two systems may result in nonconformance with thestandard.1.3 This standard does not purport to addre
5、ss all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 792 Test Meth
6、ods for Density and Specific Gravity (Rela-tive Density) of Plastics by DisplacementD 883 Terminology Relating to PlasticsD 2584 Test Method for Ignition Loss of Cured ReinforcedResinsD 2734 Test Methods for Void Content of Reinforced Plas-ticsD 3171 Test Methods for Constituent Content of Composite
7、MaterialsD 3878 Terminology for Composite MaterialsD 5229/D 5229M Test Method for Moisture AbsorptionProperties and Equilibrium Conditioning of Polymer MatrixComposite MaterialsD 5448/D 5448M Test Method for Inplane Shear Propertiesof Hoop Wound Polymer Matrix Composite CylindersD 5449/D 5449M Test
8、Method for Transverse CompressiveProperties of Hoop Wound Polymer Matrix CompositeCylindersE4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing MachinesE6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Test-ingE 111 Test Method forYoungs Modulus, Tangent Modulus,and Chord ModulusE 122 Practice for Calculat
9、ing Sample Size to Estimate,With a Specified Tolerable Error, the Average for a Charac-teristic of a Lot or ProcessE 132 Test Method for Poissons Ratio at Room Tempera-tureE 177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias inASTM Test MethodsE 251 Test Methods for Performance Characteristics ofM
10、etallic Bonded Resistance Strain GagesE 456 Terminology Relating to Quality and StatisticsE 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test MethodE 1012 Practice for Verification of Test Frame and Speci-menAlignment Under Tensile and CompressiveAxial ForceApp
11、licationE 1237 Guide for Installing Bonded Resistance StrainGages3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsTerminology D 3878 defines terms relat-ing to high-modulus fibers and their composites. TerminologyD 883 defines terms relating to plastics. Terminology E61This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM
12、 Committee D30 onComposite Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D30.04 onLamina and Laminate Test Methods.Current edition approved Jan. 15, 2006. Published January 2006. Originallyapproved in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as D 5450/D 5450M 93(2000).2For reference
13、d ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Con
14、shohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.defines terms relating to mechanical testing. TerminologyE 456 and Practice E 177 define terms relating to statistics. Inthe event of a conflict between terms, Terminology D 3878shall have precedence over other standards.3.2 Descriptions of Terms:33.2.1 hoop w
15、ound, na winding of a cylindrical componentwhere the filaments are circumferentially oriented.3.2.2 specimen, na single part cut from a winding. Eachwinding may yield several specimens.3.2.3 transverse tensile elastic modulus, E22MT2L1,nthe tensile elastic modulus of a unidirectional material inthe
16、direction perpendicular to the reinforcing fibers.3.2.4 transverse tensile strain at failure, e22utnd, nthevalue of strain, perpendicular to the reinforcing fibers in aunidirectional material, at failure when a tensile load is appliedin the direction perpendicular to the reinforcing fibers.3.2.5 tra
17、nsverse tensile strength, s22ut,MT2L1, nthestrength of a unidirectional material when a tensile load isapplied in the direction perpendicular to the reinforcing fibers.3.2.6 winding, nan entire part completed by one windingoperation and then cured.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A thin walled hoop woun
18、d cylinder nominally 100 mm4 in. in diameter and 140 mm 5.5 in. in length is bondedinto two end fixtures. The specimen/fixture assembly ismounted in the testing machine and monotonically loaded intension while recording load. The transverse tensile strengthcan be determined from the maximum load car
19、ried prior tofailure. If the cylinder strain is monitored with strain gages,then the stress-strain response of the material can be deter-mined. From the stress-strain response the transverse tensilestrain at failure, transverse tensile modulus of elasticity, andPoissons ratio can be derived.5. Signi
20、ficance and Use5.1 This test method is used to produce transverse tensileproperty data for material specifications, research and devel-opment, quality assurance, and structural design and analysis.Factors which influence the transverse tensile response andshould, therefore, be reported are: material
21、, methods of mate-rial preparation, specimen preparation, specimen conditioning,environment of testing, specimen alignment and gripping,speed of testing, void content, and fiber volume fraction.Properties, in the test direction, which may be obtained fromthis test method include:5.1.1 Transverse Ten
22、sile Strength, s22ut,5.1.2 Transverse Tensile Strain at Failure, e22ut,5.1.3 Transverse Tensile Modulus of Elasticity, E22, and5.1.4 Poissons Ratio, y21.6. Interference6.1 Material and Specimen PreparationPoor materialfabrication practices, lack of control of fiber alignment, anddamage induced by im
23、proper coupon machining are knowncauses of high material data scatter in composites.6.2 Bonding Specimens to Test FixturesAhigh percentageof failures in or near the bond between the test specimen andthe test fixtures, especially when combined with high materialdata scatter, is an indicator of specim
24、en bonding problems.Specimen to fixture bonding is discussed in 11.5.6.3 System AlignmentExcessive bending may cause pre-mature failure, as well as highly inaccurate modulus ofelasticity determination. Every effort should be made to elimi-nate excess bending from the test system. Bending may occurdu
25、e to misaligned grips, misaligned specimens in the testfixtures, or from departures of the specimen from tolerancerequirements. The alignment should always be checked asdiscussed in 12.2.7. Apparatus7.1 Micrometers, suitable ball type for reading to within0.025 6 0.010 mm 0.001 6 0.0004 in. of the s
26、pecimen innerand outer diameters. Flat anvil type micrometer or calipers ofsimilar resolution may be used for the overall specimen lengthand the gage length (the free length between the fixtures).7.2 Tension FixtureThe tension fixture consists of a steelouter shell, insert, load rod, and spherical w
27、asher.An assemblydrawing for these components and the test fixture is seen inFig. 1.7.2.1 Outer ShellThe outer shell (metric units Fig. 2,english units Fig. 3) is circular with a concentric circularhollow in one face, a grove along the diameter of the otherface, and a center hole through the thickne
28、ss. Along thediameter perpendicular to the grove, three pairs of smalleccentric holes are placed at three radial distances. The twoouter pairs of holes are threaded. Four additional threadedholes are placed at the same radial distance as the innermostpair of holes, at ninety degree intervals startin
29、g forty-fivedegrees from the diameter that passes through the center grove.7.2.2 InsertThe fixture insert is circular with a center holethrough the thickness (metric units Fig. 4, english units Fig. 5).3If the term represents a physical quantity, its analytical dimensions are statedimmediately follo
30、wing the term (or letter symbol) in fundamental dimension form,using the followingASTM standard symbology for fundamental dimensions, shownwithin square brackets: M for mass, L for length, T for time, u forthermodynamic temperature, and nd for non-dimensional quantities. Use of thesesymbols is restr
31、icted to analytical dimensions when used with square brackets, as thesymbols may have other definitions when used without the brackets. FIG. 1 Assembly Drawing for Tension Fixture and SpecimenD 5450/D 5450M 93 (2006)2Two sets of holes are placed along a concentric centerline.These holes align with t
32、he innermost set of holes in the outershell. The set of four holes at ninety degree intervals arecounterbored. The insert is fastened inside the hollow of theouter shell to form the concentric grove used to put thespecimen in the fixture (Fig. 1).7.2.3 Load Rod and Spherical WashersTwo sphericalwash
33、ers for self alignment are placed over a 0.750-UNC-2A 3 6.0 inch load rod. The load rod is then slid through thecenter hole of the outer shell and insert assembly as illustratedin Fig. 1.7.2.4 The outer shell and insert for the tension fixture are thesame outer shell and insert used for the fixtures
34、 in TestMethods D 5448/D 5448M and D 5449/D 5449M.7.3 Testing Machine, comprised of the following:7.3.1 Fixed MemberA fixed or essentially stationarymember to which one end of the tension specimen/fixtureassembly, shown in Fig. 1, can be attached.7.3.2 Movable MemberA movable member to which theoppo
35、site end of the tension specimen/fixture assembly, shownin Fig. 1, can be attached.7.3.3 Drive Mechanism, for imparting to the movable mem-ber a uniform controlled velocity with respect to the fixedmember, this velocity to be regulated as specified in 11.6.7.3.4 Load IndicatorA suitable load-indicat
36、ing mecha-nism capable of showing the total tensile load carried by thetest specimen. This mechanism shall be essentially free ofinertia-lag at the specified rate of testing and shall indicate theload within an accuracy of 61 % of the actual value, or better.The accuracy of the testing machine shall
37、 be verified inaccordance with Practice E4.7.3.5 Construction MaterialsThe fixed member, movablemember, drive mechanism, and fixtures shall be constructed ofsuch materials and in such proportions that the total longitu-dinal deformation of the system contributed by these parts isminimized.7.4 Strain
38、-Indicating DeviceLoad versus strain data shallbe determined by means of bonded resistance strain gages.Each strain gage shall be 6.3 mm 0.25 in. in length. TheFIG. 2 The Outer Shell of the Tension Fixture in Metric UnitsFIG. 3 The Outer Shell of the Tension Fixture in English UnitsFIG. 4 The Insert
39、 of the Tensile Fixture in Metric UnitsFIG. 5 The Insert of the Tensile Fixture in English UnitsD 5450/D 5450M 93 (2006)3specimen shall be instrumented to measure strain in both theaxial and circumferential directions to determine Poissonsratio. Strain gage rosettes (0/45/90) shall be used to correc
40、tfor gage misalignment. Gage calibration certification shallcomply with Test Method E 251. Some guidelines on the use ofstrain gages on composites are as follows. A general referenceon the subject is Tuttle and Brinson.47.4.1 Surface PreparationThe surface preparation offiber-reinforced composites,
41、discussed in Practice E 1237, canpenetrate the matrix material and cause damage to the rein-forcing fibers, resulting in improper coupon failures. Reinforc-ing fibers should not be exposed or damaged during the surfacepreparation process. The strain gage manufacturer should beconsulted regarding sur
42、face preparation guidelines and recom-mended bonding agents for composites, pending the develop-ment of a set of standard practices for strain gage installationsurface preparation of fiber-reinforced composite materials.7.4.2 Gage ResistanceConsideration should be given tothe selection of gages havi
43、ng larger resistance to reduceheating effects on low-conductivity materials. Resistances of350V or higher are preferred.Additional considerations shouldbe given to the use of the minimum possible gage excitationvoltage consistent with the desired accuracy (1 to 2 volts isrecommended) to further redu
44、ce the power consumed by thegage. Heating of the coupon by the gage may affect theperformance of the material directly, or it may affect theindicated strain due to a difference between the gage tempera-ture compensation factor and the coefficient of thermal expan-sion of the coupon material.7.4.3 Te
45、mperature ConsiderationsConsideration of someform of temperature compensation is recommended, evenwhen testing at standard laboratory atmosphere. Temperaturecompensation is required when testing in nonambient tempera-ture environments.7.4.4 Transverse SensitivityConsideration should begiven to the t
46、ransverse sensitivity of the selected strain gage.The strain gage manufacturer should be consulted for recom-mendations on transverse sensitivity corrections and effects oncomposites. This is particularly important for a transverselymounted gage used to determine Poissons ratio.7.5 Conditioning Cham
47、berWhen conditioning materialsat nonlaboratory environments, a temperature/vapor-level con-trolled environment conditioning chamber is required, whichshall be capable of maintaining the required temperature towithin 63C 65F and the required relative vapor level towithin 63 %. Chamber conditions shal
48、l be monitored either onan automated continuous basis or on a manual basis at regularintervals.7.6 Environmental Test ChamberAn environmental testchamber is required for test environment other than ambienttesting laboratory conditions. This chamber shall be capable ofmaintaining the gage section of
49、the test specimen at therequired test environment during the mechanical test.8. Sampling and Test Specimens8.1 SamplingAt least five specimens per test conditionshould be tested unless valid results can be gained through theuse of fewer specimens, such as in the case of a designedexperiment. For statistically significant data, the proceduresoutlined in Practice E 122 should be consulted. The method ofsampling shall be reported.8.2 GeometryThe test specimen shall be as shown in Fig.6. The length of all specimens sh
