1、Designation: D 5444 08Standard Test Method forMechanical Size Analysis of Extracted Aggregate1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5444; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A
2、number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determinationof the particle size distribution of fine and coarse aggregatesextracted from bitu
3、minous mixtures using sieves with squareopenings.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibil
4、ity of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C 670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statementsfor Test Methods for Construction Materi
5、alsD 2172 Test Methods for Quantitative Extraction of Bitu-men From Bituminous Paving MixturesD 6307 Test Method for Asphalt Content of Hot-Mix As-phalt by Ignition MethodE11 Specification for Wire Cloth and Sieves for TestingPurposes2.2 AASHTO Standard:3AASHTO Test Method T 30 Mechanical Analysis o
6、f Ex-tracted Aggregate3. Significance and Use3.1 This test method is used to determine the grading ofaggregates extracted from bituminous mixtures. The results areused to determine compliance of the particle size distributionwith applicable specifications requirements, and to providenecessary data f
7、or control of the production of various aggre-gates to be used in bituminous mixtures.4. Apparatus4.1 Balances, or scales, readable to 0.1 g and accurate to 0.1g or 0.1 % of the test load, whichever is greater, at any pointwithin the range of use.4.2 Sieves, with square openings, mounted on substant
8、ialframes constructed in a manner that will prevent the loss ofmaterials during sieving. Suitable sieve sizes shall be selectedto furnish the information required by the specificationscovering the material to be tested. The woven wire cloth sievesshall conform to the requirements of Specification E1
9、1.4.3 Mechanical Sieve ShakerIf used, it shall impart avertical, or lateral and vertical, motion to the sieve, causing theparticles thereon to bounce and turn so as to present differentorientations to the sieving surface. The sieving action shall besuch that the criterion for adequacy of sieving des
10、cribed in 6.8is met in a reasonable time period.4.4 Oven, of appropriate size, capable of maintaining auniform temperature of 110 6 5C (230 6 9F).4.5 ContainerA pan or vessel of a size sufficient tocontain the sample covered with water and to permit vigorousagitation without loss of any of the sampl
11、e or water.5. Sample5.1 The sample shall consist of the entire sample of aggre-gate from Test Method D 2172 or Test Method D 6307.5.1.1 Aggregate extracted by the ignition method in TestMethod D 6307 shall not be used for gradation analysis if thecorrection factor obtained in Test Method D 6307 is g
12、reaterthan 1.0 (see Note 1).5.2 The size of the test sample shall be governed by thenominal maximum aggregate size and shall conform to themass requirements shown in Table I.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D04 on Roadand Paving Materials and is the direct responsibility
13、 of Subcommittee D04.51 onAggregate Tests.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2008. Published December 2008. Originallyapproved in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as D 5444 05.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceas
14、tm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American Association of State Highway and TransportationOfficials (AASHTO), 444 N. Capitol St., NW, Suite 249, Washington, DC 20001,http:/www.transportation.or
15、g.TABLE 1 Size of SampleMinimum Mass ofSample, kg4.75 (No. 4) 0.59.5 (38 in.) 112.5 (12 in.) 1.519.0 (34 in.) 225.0 (1 in.) 337.5 (112 in.) 41Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.NOTE 1The temperatures used during the ignit
16、ion method of asphaltcontent determination can cause temperature-related deterioration, such ascalcination of some carbonate minerals, and quartz phase transitions.4These reactions can result in particle breakdown, which will yieldgradation results that are finer than the actual material that was us
17、ed in themixture.6. Procedure6.1 Dry the sample at 110 6 5C (230 6 9F) to constantweight. Determine the weight to the nearest 0.1 % of thesample weight. The total weight of aggregate in the bituminousmixture being tested is the sum of the weights of the driedaggregates and the mineral matter contain
18、ed in the extractedbitumen. When using Test Method D 2172, the latter is to betaken as the sum of the weight of ash in the extract and theincrease in weight of the filter element as determined in the testmethod.6.2 After drying and weighing the test sample, place it in acontainer and cover it with w
19、ater. Add a sufficient amount ofwetting agent to ensure a thorough separation of the materialfiner than the 75-m sieve from the coarser particles (see Note2). The contents of the container shall be agitated vigorouslyand the washwater poured immediately over a nest of twosieves consisting of a 2.00
20、or 1.18-mm sieve superimposed ona 75-m sieve. The use of a large spoon to stir and agitate theaggregate in the washwater has been found satisfactory.NOTE 2Wetting agents may include any dispersing agent such as aliquid detergent, or a soap, that will promote the separation of finematerial. There sho
21、uld be enough wetting agent to produce a small amountof suds when the sample is agitated. The quantity of wetting agent willdepend on the hardness of the water and quality of the agent. Excessivesuds may overflow the sieves and carry some material with them.6.3 The agitation shall be sufficiently vi
22、gorous to result incomplete separation from the coarse particles of all particlesfiner than the 75-m sieve and to bring them into suspension sothat they may be removed by decantation of the washwater.Take care to avoid decantation of the coarse particles of thesample as much as possible. Repeat the
23、operation until anywetting agent used is removed and the washwater is clear.6.4 Return all material retained on the nested sieves to thecontainer. Dry the washed aggregate in the container toconstant weight at a temperature not to exceed the mixturelaboratory compaction temperature +9F (+5C) and not
24、 lessthan 221F (105C), and weigh to the nearest 0.1 % of theoriginal dry weight of the sample.6.5 Then sieve the aggregate over sieves of the various sizesrequired by the specification covering the mixture, includingthe 75-m sieve. Record the weight of material passing eachsieve and retained on the
25、next and the amount passing the75-m sieve. The summation of these various weights mustcheck the dried weight after washing within 0.2 % of the totalweight.Add the weight of dry material passing the 75-m sieveby dry sieving to the weight of mineral matter in the bitumenand the weight removed by washi
26、ng in order to obtain the totalpassing the 75-m sieve. If it is desired to check the weight ofmaterial washed through the 75-m sieve, the washwater maybe evaporated to dryness or filtered through a tared filter paperthat is dried and weighed subsequently. Convert the weights offractions retained on
27、the various sieves and the total passing the75-m sieve to percentages by dividing each by the totalweight of aggregate in the bituminous mixture from 6.1.6.6 Nest the sieves in order of decreasing size of openingfrom top to bottom, and place the sample on the top sieve.Agitate the sieves by hand or
28、by mechanical apparatus for asufficient period, established by trial or checked by measure-ment on the actual test sample, to meet the criterion foradequacy of sieving described in 6.7.6.7 Limit the quantity of material on a given sieve so that allparticles have the opportunity to reach sieve openin
29、gs anumber of times during the sieving operation. For sieves withopenings smaller than 4.75-mm (No. 4), the weight retained onany sieve at the completion of the sieving operation shall notexceed 6 kg/m2(4 g/in.2) of sieving surface. For sieves withopenings 4.75 mm (No. 4) and larger, the weight in k
30、g/m2ofsieving surface shall not exceed the product of 2.5 3 (sieveopening in mm). In no case shall the weight be so great as tocause permanent deformation of the sieve cloth.6.8 Continue sieving for a sufficient period and in suchmanner that, after completion, not more than 0.5 % by weightof the tot
31、al sample passes any sieve during 1 min of continuoushand sieving performed as follows: hold the individual sieve,provided with a snug-fitting pan and cover, in a slightlyinclined position in one hand. Strike the side of the sievesharply and with an upward motion against the inclinedposition in one
32、hand. Strike the side of the sieve sharply andwith an upward motion against the heel of the other hand at arate of approximately 150 times per minute, turning the sieveapproximately one-sixth of a revolution at intervals of approxi-mately 25 strokes. In determining the sufficiency of sieving forsize
33、s larger than the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve, limit the materialson the sieve to a single layer of particles. If the size of themounted testing sieves makes the described sieving motionimpractical, use 203-mm (8-in.) diameter sieves to verify thesufficiency of sieving.7. Calculation7.1 Calculate the resu
34、lts of the sieve analysis as follows: (1)total percentages passing each sieve, (2) total percentagesretained on each sieve, or (3) percentages retained betweenconsecutive sieves, depending on the form of the specificationsfor use of the material under test. Calculate percentages to thenearest 0.1 %.
35、8. Report8.1 Depending on the form of the specification for use of thematerial under test, report the following information:8.1.1 Total percentage of material passing each sieve, or8.1.2 Total percentage of material retained on each sieve, or8.1.3 Percentage of material retained between consecutives
36、ieves.8.2 Report percentages to the nearest whole number exceptfor the percentage passing the 75-m (No. 200) sieve, whichshall be reported to the nearest 0.1 %.4Information presented by Chris Rogers at the Annual Symposium of the“International Center for Aggregate Research,” April, 2004, Denver, CO.
37、D54440829. Precision and Bias9.1 PrecisionThe estimates of precision for this testmethod are listed in Table 2. The estimates are based on theresults from the AASHTO Materials Reference LaboratoryProficiency Sample Program, with testing conducted byAASHTO Test Method T 30. The data are based on anal
38、yses ofthe test results from 47 to 133 laboratories who tested 14 pairsof proficiency test samples (Samples No. 1 through 28). Thevalues in the table are given for different ranges of total percentof aggregate passing a sieve.9.2 BiasThis test method has no bias since the valuesdetermined can be def
39、ined only in terms of this test method.10. Keywords10.1 aggregate; extraction; gradationASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of
40、 the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn.
41、Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comme
42、nts have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or m
43、ultiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).TABLE 2 PrecisionTotal Percent ofMaterial PassingStandardDeviation(1s), %AAcceptableRange ofT
44、woResults(d2s),A%Extracted Aggregate:BSingle-operator precision 0 0.2 0.5Multilaboratory precision 0 0.3 0.9AThese numbers represent, respectively, the (1s) and (d2s) limits described inPractice C 670.BThe precision estimates are based on aggregates with nominal maximumsizes of 19.0 mm (34 in.) to 9.5 mm (38 in.).D5444083
