1、Designation: D 5343 06Standard Guide forEvaluating Cleaning Performance of Ceramic Tile Cleaners1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5343; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.
2、 A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers the evaluation of the cleaning perfor-mance of products intended for use on ceramic tiles. This guideprovides tec
3、hniques for soiling, cleaning, and evaluating per-formance of detergent systems under controlled, but practical,hard-surface cleaning conditions.NOTE 1The soils described in this guide are known in the industry as“soap scum.”1.2 Such systems include any detergent, cleaner, or abrasivecleanser intend
4、ed for cleaning hard surfaces composed ofceramic tile. This guide is not appropriate for evaluatingperformance on grout. This guide also excludes other surfacessuch as glass, resilient flooring, synthetic countertop surfacesor washable wall surfaces. The products for which this guide isintended incl
5、ude solutions of soluble powdered detergent,dilutions of concentrated liquid detergent, or products intendedto be used full strength, for example, foams, sprays, liquid,powders, or paste.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is t
6、heresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Material SafetyData Sheets are available for reagents. Review them forhazards prior to usage.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM St
7、andards:2D 1729 Practice for Visual Appraisal of Colors and ColorDifferences of Diffusely-Illuminated Opaque MaterialsD 2960 Guide for Controlled Laundering Test Using Natu-rally Soiled Fabrics and Household Appliances3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 bathroom so
8、ilthe soil composed of materials presenton typical bathroom surfaces.3.1.2 cyclea cycle is defined as being both the back andforth strokes on the scrubbing apparatus.3.1.3 soilin hard surface cleaning, foreign matter on ahard surface such as a ceramic tile.3.1.4 substratethe soiled surface that is b
9、eing cleaned.4. Summary of Guide4.1 Soils are artificially applied in a standardized manner toa ceramic tile surface. The soiled surfaces are cleaned using astraight-line washability apparatus, and the cleaned substratesare evaluated using reflectance measurements, or visually by apanel of judges.As
10、chematic diagram of the soil composition issummarized in Fig. 1.5. Significance and Use5.1 This guide suggests methodology for cleaning tests.This methodology can only be applied to assess productperformance on typical bathroom soils and is not inclusive ofall potential soils present on ceramic tile
11、s or other bathroomsurfaces. An assessment of cleaning performance on surfacesother than ceramic tile cannot be presumed since there is noconfirmed basis for correlation for this soil on other surface orsubstrate types.5.2 The results of tests based on this guide are regarded asdiagnostic screening
12、values useful in formulation studies,quality control, and ingredient raw material qualification. Theresults of this guide should be compared to control treatments,which are incorporated into each performance evaluation.These results should be considered to be relative to all othertreatments in the s
13、tudy and are not absolute values. Forinterlaboratory comparisons, exact treatment conditions mustbe established and then results should be compared as relativeranking to the control treatments rather than as absolute values.1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D12 on Soaps andOthe
14、r Detergents and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D12.16 on HardSurface Cleaning.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2006. Published September 2006. Originallyapproved in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 1997 as D 5343 97.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.as
15、tm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.5.3 This
16、 guide is applicable to testing all types of multi-purpose household and bathroom cleaners, whether the deter-gent is prepared by dissolving a soluble powder, a dilutableliquid, or is a non-dilutable product. It may also be useful forevaluation of products or conditions normally associated withindus
17、trial or institutional cleaners.6. Preparation of Soil6.1 Summary of MethodWhite ceramic tiles are soiledwith a composite soil composed of two separate preblends.One preblend consists of a mixture of synthetic sebum, metalstearates, carbon black, and dirt. The second preblend is apredissolved sodium
18、 stearate solution. Soil is applied using apainting pad applicator. The soiled substrate is scrubbed with afine-celled sponge, to which the detergent system being testedhas been applied, or with a damp sponge when the product isto be applied to the soil surface. Cleaning performance isevaluated by c
19、omparing reflectance measurements made on theclean/unsoiled test panel, soiled panel (untreated), and on thesoiled panel after scrubbing with a straight-line washabilityapparatus. Results can be either a visual rating or calculated asa percentage of soil removed.6.2 Materials:6.2.1 Super Mix Potting
20、 Soil, from local store,6.2.2 Palmitic Acid, reagent grade,6.2.3 Stearic Acid, powder, triple pressed,6.2.4 Coconut Oil,6.2.5 Paraffn Wax,6.2.6 Sperm Wax,6.2.7 Olive Oil,6.2.8 Squalene,6.2.9 Cholesterol,6.2.10 Oleic Acid,6.2.11 Linoleic Acid, purified,6.2.12 Sodium Stearate, technical grade,6.2.13 F
21、erric Chloride, hexahydrate, FeCl36H2O,6.2.14 Calcium Stearate, technical grade,6.2.15 Magnesium Stearate,6.2.16 Carbon Lampblack,6.2.17 Distilled Water, and6.2.18 Synthetic Hard Water, 100 ppm hardness, as CaCO3,3:1 Ca+2:Mg+2.6.3 Equipment:6.3.1 Balance,6.3.2 Stirplate/Hotplate, two,6.3.3 Magnetic
22、Stirbars, two,6.3.4 Beakers, 4000 mL, 2000 mL, 1000 mL, 600 mL(metal), and 500 mL,6.3.5 Forced Draft Oven, capable of 110 6 5C,6.3.6 Buchner Funnel, 500 mL,6.3.7 Vacuum Flask, 2000 mL,6.3.8 Filter Paper, Whatman 1,6.3.9 Separatory Funnel, 500 mL,6.3.10 Ring Stand and Ring, to fit separatory funnel,6
23、.3.11 Mortar and Pestle,6.3.12 Sieve, 14 mesh,6.3.13 Ball Mill and Ceramic Jar, with 1-in. diameterceramic cylinders,6.3.14 Cookie Sheet,6.3.15 Replacement Mini Trimmer Paint Pads, two,6.3.16 Refrigeration, for storage, 35F, and6.3.17 Plastic Disposable Pipets.6.4 Procedure:Pre-mix No. 1 Preparation
24、6.4.1 Synthetic Sebum Soil:6.4.1.1 Prepare synthetic sebum soil using the followingconstituents:Constituent Weight %Palmitic acid 10.0Stearic acid 5.0Coconut oil 15.0Paraffin wax 10.0Sperm wax 15.0Olive oil 20.0Squalene 5.0Cholesterol 5.0Oleic acid 10.0Linoleic acid 5.0Total 100.06.4.1.2 Weigh the o
25、ils out into one beaker. Then weigh thepowders out into another beaker. Weigh the paraffin wax andsperm wax into a third beaker.6.4.1.3 Warm the oils on a hot plate, but do not allowmixture temperature to exceed 54C. Add powders and stiruntil dissolved.6.4.1.4 Add the paraffin wax and sperm wax and
26、stir until allingredients are dissolved.6.4.1.5 Pour the sebum into a glass jar and refrigerate at35F. The sebum may be stored at 35F for up to six months.6.4.2 Iron Stearate PreparationIron stearate is not com-mercially available and must, therefore, be prepared in the lab.The following reaction is
27、 used to prepare iron stearate:3 Na Stearate 1 1 FeCl36H2O3 NaCl 1 1 Fe Stearate3(1)6.4.2.1 Dissolve 15 g of FeCl36H2O in 285 g of distilledwater. Pour solution into a 500-mL separatory funnel. Set asideuntil needed.6.4.2.2 Add 40.5 g of sodium stearate to 1960 g of distilledwater in a 4000-mL beake
28、r. Stir mixture and heat to 60 to 80Cuntil sodium stearate is completely dissolved.FIG. 1 Bathroom Soil CompositionD53430626.4.2.3 After the sodium stearate has dissolved, add theferric chloride solution (from 6.4.2.1) slowly. Iron stearate willimmediately begin to precipitate. After the addition of
29、 theferric chloride solution has been completed, stir for an addi-tional 5 min.6.4.2.4 Remove beaker from heat and allow the mixture tocool.6.4.2.5 When the temperature has dropped to 30 to 35C,filter the mixture through Whatman 1 filter paper using a largeBuchner funnel.6.4.2.6 Wash the precipitate
30、 with distilled water (3 by 500mL) to remove any remaining unreacted ferric chloride.6.4.2.7 Allow the iron stearate to dry at room temperature toconstant weight (approximately three days).6.4.2.8 Iron stearate can be stored in a closed container forup to one year.6.4.3 Stearate Premix Preparation:6
31、.4.3.1 Prepare stearate premix preparation using the fol-lowing constituents in the order detailed as follows:Constituent Weight, gCalcium stearate 53.0Magnesium stearate 26.0Iron stearate 21.0Total 100.06.4.3.2 Combine the three stearates and pulverize with amortar and pestle until homogeneous.6.4.
32、3.3 Stearate premix can be stored in a closed containerfor up to one year.6.4.4 Super Mix Dirt Preparation:6.4.4.1 Remove the large wood chunks, vermiculite, andstyrofoam particles from the potting soil with a large 14-meshsieve.6.4.4.2 Spread 1000 to 1500 g of the sieved potting soil overa cookie s
33、heet and dry in a forced-draft oven at 110C for 16to 24 h until moisture is completely removed.6.4.4.3 Fill the Ball Mill jar halfway with the ceramiccylinders. Place the sieved soil in the jar. Clamp the lidsecurely onto the jar and run the Ball Mill for a minimum of 4h. The super mix dirt is now r
34、eady for use.6.4.4.4 The super mix dirt may be stored in a closedcontainer for up to one year.6.4.5 Final Premix No. 1 Preparation:6.4.5.1 Composition:Constituent Target Weight, gSynthetic sebum soil 4.5Stearate premix 3.0Carbon black 0.6Super mix dirt 1.5Total 9.66.4.5.2 Melt the sebum in a 600-mL
35、metal beaker in a warmwater bath at 65 to 70C. In order to ensure homogeneity of thesebum, the mixture in the jar needs to be completely meltedprior to sampling.6.4.5.3 Add the remaining ingredients in the followingorder: stearate premix, carbon black, and super mix dirt. Mixafter each addition unti
36、l homogeneous.6.4.5.4 Once the addition is complete, place a stirbar in thebeaker and begin stirring at medium speed. Maintain thetemperature of the mixture at 65 to 70C.Premix No. 2 Preparation6.4.6 Sodium Stearate Solution:6.4.6.1 Prepare sodium stearate solution as follows:Constituent Target Weig
37、ht, gSodium stearateDistilled water40.29259.71Total 300.006.4.6.2 Add sodium stearate to distilled water.6.4.6.3 Heat mixture to 75C and stir until sodium stearateis dissolved and solution is clear. This can take up to 30 min tocompletely dissolve the sodium stearate.6.4.6.4 Maintain temperature of
38、solution at 75C.6.5 Final Soil Preparation:6.5.1 Add Premix No. 2 to Premix No. 1 in 20-g incrementsuntil all of Premix No. 2 has been added. Stir (using stirplate)between each 20-g addition. Premix No. 1 and Premix No. 2are heated throughout the addition procedure.6.5.2 Stir at high speed with cont
39、inued heating to obtain ahomogeneous mixture. Soil color should be charcoal gray.6.5.3 Maintain a soil temperature of 75 to 80C throughoutthe soil application.6.5.4 This soil mixture should be used immediately and notreheated.7. Preparation of Substrate7.1 Wash tiles in a laboratory dishwasher using
40、 anindustrial-strength dishwashing detergent.7.2 Air-dry tiles for 24 h. For best drying, position tiles suchthat air flows freely across all surfaces.7.3 Preheat oven to 70 to 80C.7.4 Place tiles on an oven tray and heat for at least 1 hbefore applying the soil. Soil enough tiles to run eightreplic
41、ates per test product plus three extra for cycle determi-nation.8. Soil Application8.1 Apparatus:8.1.1 Soil Applicator, mini trimmer paint applicator(114 by 234 in.).8.1.2 Test Substrate, white ceramic glazed wall tiles (4.25by 4.25 in.).8.2 Tile Preparation:8.2.1 Remove the tray of tiles from the o
42、ven immediatelyprior to soil application. Tiles should be soiled while hot.8.2.2 Use the mini trimmer paint pad and applicator to applya single layer of hot soil down the center of a hot tile. Dip thepad in the soil as it is stirring and squeeze out the excess bypressing pad against the side of the
43、beaker. It is easiest to soilan entire row of tiles with one stroke of the applicator (line thetiles up in a row so that the tile edges are touching each otherand apply the soil with a broad stroke of the applicator).8.2.3 Place the soiled tiles back in the oven and heat at 70to 80C for 1 h.8.2.4 Re
44、move the soiled tiles from the oven and coolovernight prior to testing. Visually inspect tiles for uniformityD5343063prior to use. A standard initial reflectance reading is recom-mended for use to ensure application uniformity, minimum tilevariability, and optimum sensitivity. For reference, a Photo
45、voltreflectometer3should yield an initial Y reflectance reading of35 6 5 units, although a different reflectometer or colorimetermay yield different readings. The range with a colorimeterusing the XYZ scale and daylight setting (D65/100)isY(B)40.0 6 5.6.8.2.5 Tiles may be used for testing up to one
46、week afterpreparation. (WarningDo not use soiled tiles which haveaged over one week.)8.2.6 Randomize tiles prior to cleaning process.9. Cleaning Procedure9.1 Apparatus:9.1.1 Test Sponge, cellulose sponges, fine pore (damp di-mensions:58 by 278 by 458 in.).9.1.2 Scrubbing Apparatus, straight-line was
47、hability appa-ratus.9.1.3 Test Sponge Holder, a standard sponge holder for thestraight-line washability apparatus unit, or a flat metal plate(5.5 by 3 in.) with spikes on bottom have been found suitable.9.1.4 Tile Template, Plexiglass tile holder, cut to fit into trayon washability apparatus (6.75 b
48、y 21.75 by 0.25 in.). Theholder should have a hole (4.5 by 4.5 in.) in the center to holdtiles. Unsoiled tiles may also be used to hold the soiled tiles inplace.9.2 Cleaning Test:9.2.1 Sponge Preparation:9.2.1.1 Sponges, as received, contain small amounts ofsurfactants and thus need to be cleaned pr
49、ior to using. Washsponges in a washing machine using warm water and spin dry.Dry the sponges in a clothes dryer until they are completelydry. Discard sponges with surface imperfections, uneven thick-ness, or other obvious deformities. If sponges have beenwashed by the manufacturer, then just air dry.9.2.1.2 Prior to applying product, tare a clean, dry sponge.Submerge the sponge in synthetic hard water (100 ppm asCaCO3, 3:1 Ca+2:Mg+2) and squeeze out all but 17.56 0.5gofwater.9.2.2 Application of Test ProductTest product dilutionsshould be prepared fr
