1、Designation: D4966 121Standard Test Method forAbrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Martindale AbrasionTester Method)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4966; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the
2、year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTEIn Section 10.6, the referenced paragraphs for Options 1 and 2 were corrected to 11.1 and 11.2 in February2013.1. Sco
3、pe1.1 This test method covers the determination of the abra-sion resistance of textile fabrics using the Martindale abrasiontester. Fabrics of all types may be tested by this method butdifficulties may arise with fabrics with a pile depth greater than0.08 in. (2 mm).1.2 The values stated in inch-pou
4、nd units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theres
5、ponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.NOTE 1For other current test methods of testing the abrasionresistance of textiles refer to Test Methods D3884, D3885, D3886, D4157,D
6、4158, and AATCC Test Method 93.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing TextilesD3884 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of TextileFabrics (Rotary Platform, Double-Head Method)D3885 Test Method for Abrasion Resistanc
7、e of TextileFabrics (Flexing and Abrasion Method)D3886 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of TextileFabrics (Inflated Diaphragm Apparatus)D4157 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of TextileFabrics (Oscillatory Cylinder Method)D4158 Guide for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics(Uniform Abrasion)
8、D4850 Terminology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric TestMethods2.2 AATCC Methods and Procedures:Evaluation Procedure 1 Gray Scale for Color Change3Test Method 93 Abrasion Resistance of Fabrics: AcceleratorMethod33. Terminology3.1 For all terminology relating to D13.60, Fabric TestMethods, Specific, ref
9、er to Terminology D4850.3.1.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard:abrasion, abrasion cycle, Lissajous figure, rub, standard atmo-sphere for preconditioning textiles, standard atmosphere fortesting, in textiles.3.2 For all other terms related to textiles, refer to Terminol-ogy D123.4. S
10、ummary of Test Method4.1 Abrasion resistance is measured by subjecting the speci-men to rubbing motion in the form of a geometric figure, thatis, a straight line, which becomes a gradually widening ellipse,until it forms another straight line in the opposite direction andtraces the same figure again
11、 under known conditions ofpressure and abrasive action. Resistance to abrasion is evalu-ated by various means which are described in Section 11.5. Significance and Use5.1 Acceptance Testingthis test method is not consideredsatisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments offabric. The bet
12、ween-laboratory precision of this test method ispoor and, because of the nature of abrasion testing itself,technicians frequently fail to obtain results in agreement on the1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textilesand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D1
13、3.60 on Fabric Test Methods,Specific.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2012. Published February 2012. Originallyapproved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D4966 10. DOI:10.1520/D4966-12E01.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer S
14、ervice at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from the American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists,P.O. Box 12215, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709.Copyright ASTM International, 10
15、0 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1same type of testing instrument, both within and betweenlaboratories.Although this test method is not recommended foracceptance testing, it is useful because it is used widely,especially outside the United States.5.1.1
16、 In case of a dispute arising from differences inreported test results when using this test method for acceptancetesting of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the sup-plier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there isa statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statis-t
17、ical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias.As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of testspecimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that arefrom a lot of material of the type in question. The testspecimens then should be assigned randomly in equal numbersto each l
18、aboratory for testing. The average results from the twolaboratories should be compared using Students t-test forunpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by thetwo parties before the testing is begun. If a bias is found, eitherits cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and
19、 thesupplier must agree to interpret future test results in light of theknown bias.5.2 The resistance to abrasion also is affected greatly by theconditions of the tests, such as the nature of abradant; variableaction of the abradant over the area of specimen abraded, thetension on the specimen, the
20、pressure between the specimenand abradant, and the dimensional changes in the specimen.5.3 Abrasion tests are all subject to variation due to changesin the abradant during specific tests. The abradant must bechanged accordingly at frequent intervals or checked periodi-cally against a standard. With
21、disposable abradants, the abrad-ant is used only once or changed after limited use. Withpermanent abradants that use hardened metal or equivalentsurfaces, it is assumed that the abradant will not changeappreciably in a specific series of tests, but obviously similarabradants used in different labora
22、tories will not likely change atthe same rate due to differences in usage. Permanent abradantsalso may change due to pick up of finishing or other materialfrom test fabrics and must accordingly be cleaned at frequentintervals. The measurement of the relative amount of abrasionalso may be affected by
23、 the method of evaluation and may beinfluenced by the judgment of the operator.5.4 The resistance of textile materials to abrasion as mea-sured on a testing machine in the laboratory is generally onlyone of several factors contributing to wear performance ordurability as experienced in the actual us
24、e of the material.While “abrasion resistance” (often stated in terms of thenumber of cycles on a specified machine, using a specifiedtechnique to produce a specified degree or amount of abrasion)and “durability” (defined as the ability to withstand deteriora-tion or wearing out in use, including the
25、 effects of abrasion)frequently are related, the relationship varies with different enduses, and different factors may be necessary in any calculationof predicted durability from specific abrasion data.5.4.1 Laboratory tests may be reliable as an indication ofrelative end-use performance in cases wh
26、ere the difference inabrasion resistance of various materials is large, but theyshould not be relied upon where differences in laboratory testfindings are small. In general, they should not be relied uponfor prediction of actual wear-life in specific-end uses unlessthere are data showing the specifi
27、c relationship betweenlaboratory abrasion tests and actual wear in the intendedend-use.5.5 These general observations apply to all types of fabrics,including woven, nonwoven, and knit apparel fabrics, house-hold fabrics, industrial fabrics, and floor coverings. It is notsurprising, therefore, to fin
28、d that there are many different typesof abrasion testing machines, abradants, testing conditions,testing procedures, methods of evaluation of abrasionresistance, and interpretation of results.5.6 All the test methods and instruments so far developedfor abrasion resistance may show a high degree of v
29、ariability inresults obtained by different operators and in different labora-tories; however, they represent the methods now most widelyin use.5.7 Since there is a definite need for measuring the relativeresistance to abrasion, standardized test methods are desirableand useful and may clarify the pr
30、oblem and lessen theconfusion.6. Apparatus and Materials6.1 Martindale Abrasion Tester,4(Fig. 1) with the followingreplaceable items:6.1.1 Standard Abradant Fabric, a plain weave, crossbred,worsted wool fabric described in the finished state as in Table1.6.1.2 Standard Felt, of mass 22 6 1.5 oz/yd2(
31、750 6 50g/m2) and 0.12 6 0.01 in. (3 6 0.3 mm) thick.6.1.3 Polyurethane Foam Backing, 0.12 6 0.04 in. (3 60.01 mm) thick, 1.94 lbf/ft3(29 to 31 kg/m3) density, and 38.23to 47.22 lbf (170 to 210 N) hardness.6.1.4 Fabric Punches or Press Cutters,41.5 in. (38 mm) and5.5 in. (140 mm) in diameter.6.1.5 A
32、ATCC Gray Scale for Color Change.34Apparatus and accessories are commercially available.FIG. 1 Martindale Abrasion TesterD4966 12127. Sampling7.1 Lot SampleAs a lot sample for acceptance testing, takeat random the number of rolls of fabric directed in anapplicable material specification or other agr
33、eement betweenthe purchaser and the supplier. Consider rolls of fabric to be theprimary sampling unit.NOTE 2An adequate specification or other agreement between thepurchaser and the supplier requires taking into account the variabilitybetween rolls, bolts, or pieces of fabric and among specimens fro
34、m aswatch from a roll of fabric from a roll, bolt, or piece, or among cartonsof garments and among garments within a carton, to provide a samplingplan with a meaningful producers risk, consumers risk, acceptablequality level, and limiting quality level.7.2 Laboratory SampleFor acceptance testing ofg
35、arments, take one garment from each carton (see Note 2).7.3 Test SpecimensCut three circular specimens from eachswatch in the laboratory sample with each specimen being 1.5in. (38 mm) in diameter.8. Preparation of Apparatus8.1 For the assembly, maintenance, and verification of theapparatus, refer to
36、 the manufacturers instructions.8.2 See the testing notes given in A1.1.9. Conditioning9.1 Precondition and condition specimens as directed inPractice D1776 by bringing them to approximate moistureequilibrium for testing in the standard atmosphere for testing.Equilibrium is considered to have been r
37、eached when theincrease in mass of the specimen in successive weighings madeat intervals of not less than 2 h does not exceed 0.1 % of themass of the specimen.9.2 Place the conditioned specimens in the standard atmo-sphere for testing textiles, which is 70 6 2F (21 6 1C) and65 6 2 % relative humidit
38、y for at least 4 h before testing.10. Procedure10.1 Make all tests in the standard atmosphere for testing.10.2 On each testing table place a piece of felt, approxi-mately 5.5 in. (140 mm), followed by a piece of the standardfabric of the same size. Place the mounting weight (suppliedwith the machine
39、) on the table to flatten the fabric/felt pieces.Secure the fabric/felt to the table with the mounting weight inplace then remove the weight and inspect for tucks or ridges. Ifnecessary, repeat the mounting process.10.3 Option 3 (see 11.3) is to be used to interpret the results,weigh a specimen to t
40、he nearest milligram.10.4 Assemble the holder by placing the specimen facedown into the specimen holder. For fabric having a mass/unitarea less than 14.7 yd2(500 g/m2) place a 114-in. (38-mm) diskof polyurethane foam between the specimen and the metalinsert. Assemble the holder according to manufact
41、urers in-structions.10.5 Place the assembled holder on the machine above thetable with the fabric/felt pieces and add the required weight togive a pressure on each specimen of 1.31 6 0.03 psi (9 6 0.2kPa) for apparel fabrics and 1.74 6 0.04 psi (12 6 0.3 kPa) forupholstery fabrics.10.6 Using the man
42、ufacturers directions, set the countersystem to record the desired rubs and start the abrasionmachine. If Options 1 or 2 (see 11.1 and 11.2) are to be used,examine the specimen to assess the progress toward theendpoint. As the endpoint is approached, reduce the number ofrubs between examinations. Cu
43、t off with sharp scissors anypills that form. If Option 3 (see 11.3) is to be used to interpretthe results, the specimen must be weighed to the nearestmilligram after the required rubs.11. Evaluation11.1 Option 1The end point is reached on a woven fabricwhen two or more yarns have broken, or on a kn
44、itted fabricwhen a hole appears.11.2 Option 2The end point is reached when there is achange in shade or appearance that is sufficient to cause acustomer to complain.11.2.1 Changes of shade can arise from a variety of causes,for example, loss of raised finish from a fabric or of boucleloops or effect
45、s from fancy yarns. Where different types offibers are dyed differently in an intimate blend, differential lossof yarn or fiber can cause pronounced changes in shade orappearance. In this case the end point is assessed against theAATCC gray scale for color change.11.2.2 The end point is reached when
46、 the shade change isassessed as the AATCC gray scale rating of 3 or lower.11.3 Option 3Determine the mass loss as the differencebetween the masses before and after abrasion. This loss may beexpressed as a percentage of the before abrasion mass.12. Report12.1 State that the specimens were tested as d
47、irected in TestMethod D4966. Describe the material or product sampled andthe method of sampling used.12.2 Depending on the test option used, report the followinginformation:12.2.1 Type of abradant and the mass of the weights used.12.2.2 For Option 1, the average number of rubs required torupture two
48、 or more yarns in a woven fabric or develop a holeon a knitted fabric.12.2.3 For Option 2, the effect of abrasion on luster, color,napping, pilling, etc. at a given number of rubs, recorded byqualitative or comparative ranking.12.2.4 For Option 2, the average number of rubs required toreach a gray s
49、cale rating of three or lower.TABLE 1 Specifications for Standard Wool Abrasion FabricWarp WeftMean fiber diameter, m 27.5 2.0 29.0 2.0Yarn linear density, tex R63 4/2 R74 4/2Singles “Z” twist, turns per metre 540 20 500 20Two-fold “S” twist, turns per metre 450 20 350 20Threads per 10 centimetres 175 10 135 8Mass per unit area, gm2 215 10D4966 121312.2.5 If any other means of evaluating the effect ofabrasion is used, describe the particular method employed.12.2.6 For Option 3, the mass loss difference before andafter abrasion is repo
