1、Designation:D496610 Designation: D4966 12Standard Test Method forAbrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Martindale AbrasionTester Method)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4966; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the cas
2、e of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of the abrasion resistance of textile fabrics usi
3、ng the Martindale abrasion tester.Fabrics of all types may be tested by this method but difficulties may arise with fabrics with a pile depth greater than 0.08 in. (2mm).1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversi
4、ons to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices
5、and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.NOTE 1For other current test methods of testing the abrasion resistance of textiles refer to Test Methods D3884, D3885, D3886, D4157, D4158, andAATCC Test Method 93.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D123 Terminology Relat
6、ing to TextilesD1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing TextilesD3884 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Rotary Platform, Double-Head Method)D3885 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Flexing and Abrasion Method)D3886 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of
7、Textile Fabrics (Inflated Diaphragm Apparatus)D4157 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Oscillatory Cylinder Method)D4158 Guide for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Uniform Abrasion)D4850 Terminology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric Test Methods2.2 AATCC Methods and Procedur
8、es:Evaluation Procedure 1 Gray Scale for Color Change3Test Method 93 Abrasion Resistance of Fabrics: Accelerator Method33. Terminology3.1 For all terminology relating to D13.60, Fabric Test Methods, Specific, refer to Terminology D4850.3.1.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard: abrasio
9、n, abrasion cycle, Lissajous figure, rub, standard atmosphere forpreconditioning textiles, standard atmosphere for testing, in textiles.3.2 For all other terms related to textiles, refer to Terminology D123.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Abrasion resistance is measured by subjecting the specimen to ru
10、bbing motion in the form of a geometric figure, that is, astraight line, which becomes a gradually widening ellipse, until it forms another straight line in the opposite direction and tracesthe same figure again under known conditions of pressure and abrasive action. Resistance to abrasion is evalua
11、ted by various meanswhich are described in Section 11.1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 on Textiles and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.60 on Fabric Test Methods, Specific.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2010. Published November 2010. Originally appro
12、ved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D496698(2007)1. DOI:10.1520/D4966-10.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2012. Published February 2012. Originally approved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D4966 10. DOI:10.1520/D4966-12.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the
13、ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3Available from the American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists, P.O. Box 12215, Research
14、Triangle Park, NC 27709.1This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends tha
15、t users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.5. Significance and Use
16、5.1 Acceptance Testingthis test method is not considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments offabric. The between-laboratory precision of this test method is poor and, because of the nature of abrasion testing itself, techniciansfrequently fail to obtain results in agreement
17、 on the same type of testing instrument, both within and between laboratories.Although this test method is not recommended for acceptance testing, it is useful because it is used widely, especially outside theUnited States.5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results
18、when using this test method for acceptance testing ofcommercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical biasbetween their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimu
19、m, the twoparties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of material of the typein question. The test specimens then should be assigned randomly in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The averageresults from the two laboratories sh
20、ould be compared using Students t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability levelchosen by the two parties before the testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaserand the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in light of
21、 the known bias.5.2 The resistance to abrasion also is affected greatly by the conditions of the tests, such as the nature of abradant; variableaction of the abradant over the area of specimen abraded, the tension on the specimen, the pressure between the specimen andabradant, and the dimensional ch
22、anges in the specimen.5.3 Abrasion tests are all subject to variation due to changes in the abradant during specific tests. The abradant must be changedaccordingly at frequent intervals or checked periodically against a standard. With disposable abradants, the abradant is used onlyonce or changed af
23、ter limited use. With permanent abradants that use hardened metal or equivalent surfaces, it is assumed that theabradant will not change appreciably in a specific series of tests, but obviously similar abradants used in different laboratories willnot likely change at the same rate due to differences
24、 in usage. Permanent abradants also may change due to pick up of finishingor other material from test fabrics and must accordingly be cleaned at frequent intervals. The measurement of the relative amountof abrasion also may be affected by the method of evaluation and may be influenced by the judgmen
25、t of the operator.5.4 The resistance of textile materials to abrasion as measured on a testing machine in the laboratory is generally only one ofseveral factors contributing to wear performance or durability as experienced in the actual use of the material. While “abrasionresistance” (often stated i
26、n terms of the number of cycles on a specified machine, using a specified technique to produce a specifieddegree or amount of abrasion) and “durability” (defined as the ability to withstand deterioration or wearing out in use, includingthe effects of abrasion) frequently are related, the relationshi
27、p varies with different end uses, and different factors may be necessaryin any calculation of predicted durability from specific abrasion data.5.4.1 Laboratory tests may be reliable as an indication of relative end-use performance in cases where the difference in abrasionresistance of various materi
28、als is large, but they should not be relied upon where differences in laboratory test findings are small.In general, they should not be relied upon for prediction of actual wear-life in specific-end uses unless there are data showing thespecific relationship between laboratory abrasion tests and act
29、ual wear in the intended end-use.5.5 These general observations apply to all types of fabrics, including woven, nonwoven, and knit apparel fabrics, householdfabrics, industrial fabrics, and floor coverings. It is not surprising, therefore, to find that there are many different types of abrasiontesti
30、ng machines, abradants, testing conditions, testing procedures, methods of evaluation of abrasion resistance, and interpretationof results.FIG. 1 Martindale Abrasion TesterD4966 1225.6 All the test methods and instruments so far developed for abrasion resistance may show a high degree of variability
31、 in resultsobtained by different operators and in different laboratories; however, they represent the methods now most widely in use.5.7 Since there is a definite need for measuring the relative resistance to abrasion, standardized test methods are desirable anduseful and may clarify the problem and
32、 lessen the confusion.6. Apparatus and Materials6.1 Martindale Abrasion Tester,4(Fig. 1) with the following replaceable items:6.1.1 Standard Abradant Fabric, a plain weave, crossbred, worsted wool fabric described in the finished state as in Table 1.6.1.2 Standard Felt, of mass 22 6 1.5 oz/yd2(750 6
33、 50 g/m2) and 0.12 6 0.01 in. (3 6 0.3 mm) thick.6.1.3 Polyurethane Foam Backing, 0.12 6 0.04 in. (3 6 0.01 mm) thick, 1.94 lbf/ft3(29 to 31 kg/m3) density, and 38.23 to47.22 lbf (170 to 210 N) hardness.6.1.4 Fabric Punches or Press Cutters,41.5 in. (38 mm) and 5.5 in. (140 mm) in diameter.6.1.5 AAT
34、CC Gray Scale for Color Change.37. Sampling7.1 Lot SampleAs a lot sample for acceptance testing, take at random the number of rolls of fabric directed in an applicablematerial specification or other agreement between the purchaser and the supplier. Consider rolls of fabric to be the primarysampling
35、unit.NOTE 2An adequate specification or other agreement between the purchaser and the supplier requires taking into account the variability betweenrolls, bolts, or pieces of fabric and among specimens from a swatch from a roll of fabric from a roll, bolt, or piece, or among cartons of garments andam
36、ong garments within a carton, to provide a sampling plan with a meaningful producers risk, consumers risk, acceptable quality level, and limitingquality level.7.2 Laboratory SampleFor acceptance testing of garments, take one garment from each carton (see Note 2).7.3 Test SpecimensCut three circular
37、specimens from each swatch in the laboratory sample with each specimen being 1.5 in.(38 mm) in diameter.8. Preparation of Apparatus8.1 For the assembly, maintenance, and verification of the apparatus, refer to the manufacturers instructions.8.2 See the testing notes given in A1.1.9. Conditioning9.1
38、Precondition and condition specimens as directed in Practice D1776 by bringing them to approximate moisture equilibriumfor testing in the standard atmosphere for testing. Equilibrium is considered to have been reached when the increase in mass ofthe specimen in successive weighings made at intervals
39、 of not less than 2 h does not exceed 0.1 % of the mass of the specimen.9.2 Place the conditioned specimens in the standard atmosphere for testing textiles, which is 70 6 2F (21 6 1C) and 65 62 % relative humidity for at least 4 h before testing.10. Procedure10.1 Make all tests in the standard atmos
40、phere for testing.10.2 On each testing table place a piece of felt, approximately 5.5 in. (140 mm), followed by a piece of the standard fabric ofthe same size. Place the mounting weight (supplied with the machine) on the table to flatten the fabric/felt pieces. Secure thefabric/felt to the table wit
41、h the mounting weight in place then remove the weight and inspect for tucks or ridges. If necessary, repeatthe mounting process.4Apparatus and accessories are commercially available.TABLE 1 Specifications for Standard Wool Abrasion FabricWarp WeftYarn linear density R63, Tex/2 R74, Tex/2Mean fiber d
42、iameter, m 27.5 6 2.0 29.0 6 2.0Threa ds per unit leng th (43/in.) 17/cm (30/in.) 12/cmYarn linear density, tex R63 6 4/2 R74 6 4/2Single twist 540 6 20 tpm 8Z 500 6 20 tpm8 ZSingles “Z” twist, turns per metre 540 6 20 500 6 20Twofold twist 450 6 20 tpm 8S 350 6 20 tpm 8STwo-fold “S” twist, turns pe
43、r metre 450 6 20 350 6 20Fiberdiameter 27.5 6 20 m 29 6 20 mThreads per 10 centimetres 175 6 10 135 6 8Mass per unit area of fabric,min 5.8 oz/yd2(195 g/m2)Mass per unit area, gm2 215 6 10D4966 12310.3 Option 3 (see 11.3) is to be used to interpret the results, weigh a specimen to the nearest millig
44、ram.10.4 Assemble the holder by placing the specimen face down into the specimen holder. For fabric having a mass/unit area lessthan 14.7 yd2(500 g/m2) place a 114-in. (38-mm) disk of polyurethane foam between the specimen and the metal insert. Assemblethe holder according to manufacturers instructi
45、ons.10.5 Place the assembled holder on the machine above the table with the fabric/felt pieces and add the required weight to givea pressure on each specimen of 1.31 6 0.03 psi (9 6 0.2 kPa) for apparel fabrics and 1.74 6 0.04 psi (12 6 0.3 kPa) for upholsteryfabrics.10.6 Using the manufacturers dir
46、ections, set the counter system to record the desired rubs and start the abrasion machine. IfOptions 1 or 2 (see 10.1 and 10.2) are to be used, examine the specimen to assess the progress toward the endpoint.As the endpointis approached, reduce the number of rubs between examinations. Cut off with s
47、harp scissors any pills that form. If Option 3 (see11.3) is to be used to interpret the results, the specimen must be weighed to the nearest milligram after the required number of rubs.11. Evaluation11.1 Option 1The end point is reached on a woven fabric when two or more yarns have broken, or on a k
48、nitted fabric whena hole appears.11.2 Option 2The end point is reached when there is a change in shade or appearance that is sufficient to cause a customerto complain.11.2.1 Changes of shade can arise from a variety of causes, for example, loss of raised finish from a fabric or of boucle loopsor eff
49、ects from fancy yarns. Where different types of fibers are dyed differently in an intimate blend, differential loss of yarn orfiber can cause pronounced changes in shade or appearance. In this case the end point is assessed against the AATCC gray scalefor color change.11.2.2 The end point is reached when the shade change is assessed as the AATCC gray scale rating of 3 or lower.11.3 Option 3Determine the mass loss as the difference between the masses before and after abrasion. This loss may beexpressed as a percentage of the before abrasion mass.12. Rep
