1、Designation: D 4649 03Standard Guide forSelection and Use of Stretch Wrap Films1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4649; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in pare
2、ntheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers recommended guidelines and testmethods for the selection, specification, and use of stretch wrapfilms for unitizing, reinforcing,
3、and palletizing for indoorenvironments. This can include storage or transport, or both, inwarehouses, closed containers such as truck trailers or railboxcars, and associated transfer terminals. This guide does notcover the performance issues associated with outdoor expo-sure.1.2 The values stated in
4、 inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard. The SI units given in parentheses are forinformation only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safe
5、ty and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 882 Test Methods for Tensile Properties of Thin PlasticSheetingD 907 Terminology of AdhesivesD 996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environ-mentsD 100
6、3 Test Method for Haze and Luminous Transmittanceof Transparent PlasticsD 1505 Test Method for Density of Plastics by the Density-Gradient TechniqueD 1746 Test Method for Transparency of Plastic SheetingD 1894 Test Method for Static and Kinetic Coefficients ofFriction of Plastic Film and SheetingD 1
7、898 Practice for Sampling of PlasticsD 1922 Test Method for Propagation Tear Resistance ofPlastic Film and Thin Sheeting by Pendulum MethodD 2103 Specification for Polyethylene Film and SheetingD 2457 Test Method for Specular Gloss of Plastic Films andSolid PlasticsD 2578 Test Method for Wetting Ten
8、sion of Polyethyleneand Polypropylene FilmsD 2863 Test Method for Measuring the Minimum OxygenConcentration to Support Candle-Like Combustion ofPlastics (Oxygen Index)D 3951 Practice for Commercial PackagingD 4321 Test Method for Package Yield of Plastic FilmD 4470 Test Method for Static Electrifica
9、tionD 5331 Test Method for Mechanical Handling of UnitizedLoads Secured With Stretch-Wrap FilmsD 5414 Test Method for Evaluation of Horizontal ImpactPerformance of Load Unitizing Stretch Wrap MaterialsD 5415 Test Method for Evaluating Load ContainmentPerformance of Stretch Wrap Materials by Vibratio
10、n Test-ingD 5416 Test Method for Evaluating Abrasion Resistance ofStretch Wrap Materials by Vibration TestingD 5458 Test Method for Peel Cling of Stretch Wrap FilmD 5459 Test Method for Machine Direction Elastic Recov-ery and Permanent Deformation and Stress Retention ofStretch Wrap MaterialsE 96 Te
11、st Methods for Water Vapor Transmission of Mate-rialsE 284 Terminology of Appearance3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsTerminology found in Terminology D 996shall apply.3.2 Definitions of Terms:3.2.1 blockingan undesirable adhesion between touchinglayers of a material, such as occurs under moderate pressu
12、reduring storage or use. (See Terminology D 907.)3.2.2 claritythe characteristic of a transparent bodywhereby distinct high-contrast images or high-contrast objects(separated by some distance from the body) are observablethrough the body. (See Terminology E 284.)3.2.3 clingthe ability of one surface
13、 of a material toadhere to itself or another surface.1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D10 on Packaging andis the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.25 on Palletizing and Unitizing ofLoads.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2003. Published December 2003. Originallyapproved
14、 in 1987. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as D 4649 00.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website
15、.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.2.4 elastic recoverythe extent that a material returns toits original length after being subjected to an extension.3.2.5 elongationincrease in length (expressed as a percentof origin
16、al length).3.2.6 thickness (caliper, gage) the perpendicular distancebetween opposite surface of a material.3.3 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.3.1 conventional brakinga mode of stretch wrap ma-chinery operation in which wrap material elongation isachieved by relative load motion an
17、d supply roll tension.3.3.2 core extensionthe length to which the core extendsbeyond the edge of the wrap material.3.3.3 cut growth resistancethe ability of a wrap materialto resist nick or cut propagation.3.3.4 film force to loadthe amount of force applied by thefilm to a load in providing load con
18、tainment.3.3.5 film tailthat portion of wrap material that is appliedto the load after relative load motion ceases.3.3.6 food wrap materiala material designed for use indirect food contact.3.3.7 load containmentthe utilization and protection, orboth, of product(s) for distribution and storage or bot
19、h.3.3.8 marking wheela device that makes repetitive marksindicating a known distance.3.3.9 measured stretchsee elongation.3.3.10 mechanical prestretcha mode of stretch wrap ma-chinery operation in which wrap material elongation isachieved through the use of a prestretch device and relativeload motio
20、n.3.3.11 nonfood wrap materiala material not for directfood contact.3.3.12 overlapthe width of wrap material that covers aprevious layer of wrap material.3.3.13 powered prestretcha mode of stretch wrap machin-ery operation in which wrap material elongation is achievedthrough use of a power assist pr
21、estretch device and relativeload motion.3.3.14 protrusion puncture resistancethe ability of a wrapmaterial to withstand the force exerted by a protrusion.3.3.15 stretch wrap materiala material used for over-wrapping that elongates when applied under tension and,through elastic recovery conforms to t
22、he item(s) packaged.3.3.16 wrap cyclethe series of operations used to wrap aload.3.3.17 yield (coverage)area per unit weight.3.3.18 zipper (tear)a self-propagating tear.4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide is for user evaluation, selection, specifica-tion, and application of stretch wrap materials.
23、 It may be usedbetween the buyer and seller to arrive at purchase specifica-tions. Specific methods are contained within the body of theguide for material evaluation, user performance, and qualityassurance testing.4.2 Care must be exercised in extrapolating test valuesobtained by use of the test met
24、hods outlined in this guide, toactual field performance.5. Stretch Film Classification5.1 Stretch wrap films may have the following types:5.1.1 Hand applied film versus machine applied film,5.1.2 Fabrication (blown, cast),5.1.3 Cling Mechanism (two side, one side, no cling,migratory, non-migratory,
25、one side slip, differentiated), and5.1.4 Layer (monolayer, co-extruded).5.2 Grade:5.2.1 Colors, (clear, tints, opaque).5.3 Class:5.3.1 Food Contact, and5.3.2 Non-food Contact.6. Raw Materials and Fabrication6.1 Typical materials covered by this guide are as follows:6.1.1 Low-density polyethylene (LD
26、PE),6.1.2 Medium-density polyethylene (MDPE),6.1.3 Linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE),6.1.4 Metallocene/m linear low density polyethylene (mLL-DPE):6.1.5 Ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA),6.1.6 Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC),6.1.7 Polypropylene (PP),6.1.8 Other polymeric materials or blends th
27、at meet therequirements of this guide. High density polyethylene (HDPE),6.1.9 Ethylene methyl acrylate copolymer (EMA),6.1.10 Very low density polyethylene (VLDPE),6.1.11 Ethylene metallocene plastomers, and6.1.12 Additives, modifiers and pigments.7. Ordering Information7.1 The inquiry and order for
28、 materials shall indicate thefollowing where applicable:7.1.1 Grade and class required,7.1.2 Thickness,7.1.3 Material length per roll,7.1.4 Outside roll diameter,7.1.5 Material width,7.1.6 Core dimension (inside diameter and extension), and7.1.7 ASTM designation, including revision date.7.2 Where ne
29、cessary, ordering information may be ex-panded or modified for special uses or materials, such asmethod of stretch and stretch percentage expected.8. Stretch Film and Additives Characteristics8.1 Physical and Mechanical Properties:8.1.1 The properties and test methods in Table 1 shall beused when de
30、scribing the physical and mechanical character-istics of wrap materials as manufactured.8.1.2 The practices listed in Table 2 can be an aid whendescribing performance characteristics of wrap materials, asused for unitizing, reinforcing, and palletizing.8.1.3 Some of the test methods described in Tab
31、le 1 may beapplied to multiple wraps or stretched specimens, or both, toaid in assessing their performance characteristics.8.1.4 Other tests that may be of value for evaluating actualperformance are given in Annex A1.D46490328.2 Other PropertiesFood contact stretch films must con-form to FDA or othe
32、r governmental regulations, or both, asapplicable.8.3 Recyclability/DisposabilityStretch film should be re-cycled whenever possible. Disposability shall be in accordancewith local, state, and federal regulations.8.4 Static Discharge Some plastic packaging wrap mate-rials may build up static electric
33、al charge. Care should beexercised in using these materials especially where potentialflammable air vapor or air dust mixtures can exist.9. Dimensions, Mass, and Permissible Variations9.1 The material dimensions and their permissible varia-tions shall conform to the following, unless otherwise speci
34、fiedby the user:9.1.1 Thickness (caliper, gage) is expressed in fractions ofan inch or mils. For example, the nominal thickness of 80-gagewrap material is 80/100 000, 0.00080 in., or 0.8 mils,9.1.1.1 As determined by Specification D 2103, and9.1.1.2 The actual wrap material thickness shall not varym
35、ore than 625 % of the nominal gage thickness in any onepoint across the width nor 20 % from the nominal thickness forthe average of five consecutive points across the web, mea-sured in a minimum of 1-in. or 25-mm increments.9.1.2 Roll Weight or YieldSee Table 3.9.1.2.1 Gross weight of hand wrap film
36、s generally under 12lb.9.1.3 The film roll width tolerance for wrap materials is 614in. (6 mm) unless otherwise agreed upon between the buyerand the seller.9.1.3.1 Standard widths are 10 to 80 in. (254 to 2032 mm)plus 10 to 20 in. (254 to 508 mm) on hand wrap applications.Nonstandard widths are also
37、 available.9.1.3.2 Roll width, measured by a steel tape having anaccuracy of 618 in. (3 mm).9.1.4 The roll diameter tolerance is 65 % of nominal out-side diameter.9.1.5 The length per roll of film wrap materials shall bewithin+40% of the length as marked, or as otherwiseagreed between the buyer and
38、the seller, as measured by atapeless measure.10. Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance10.1 Wrap materials shall be generally free from defects thatmay affect the serviceability such as wrinkles, fold-overcreases, soft spongy areas, and gels.10.1.1 No splices are allowed.11. Sampling11.1 Sampling shall
39、 be in accordance with Practice D 1898.12. Test Methods12.1 The test methods in Annex A1 are not ASTM stan-dards, however these procedures are a necessary part of thisguide.13. Preparation for Delivery13.1 Lot or serial number must appear on the individual roll,pallet or case.13.2 Shipping container
40、 or individual rolls, or both, shall belabeled in accordance with Practice D 3951 with the followingadditional markings:13.2.1 Product name,13.2.2 Thickness,13.2.3 Material width in inches or millimetres,13.2.4 Material length per roll in feet or meters,13.2.5 Material weight per roll in pounds or k
41、ilograms, and13.2.6 Manufacturers or sellers name.13.3 Where necessary, labeling information may be ex-panded or modified for special uses or materials.14. General Uses14.1 Tensioned stretch film may be used to secure a han-dling base (skids, platforms, pallets, slip sheets, etc.) to a unitload to e
42、xpedite handling (tertiary package).TABLE 1 Physical and Mechanical Properties of MaterialsPropertyCommonUnitSIUnitASTM TestMethodBreaking factor 1 lbf/in. kN/m D 882Clarity % % D 1746Cling (peel) gm N D 5458Coefficient of friction atapproximately 72 and 100F(22 and 38C). . D 1894Density lb/in.3g/cm
43、3D 1505Elastic recovery % % D 5459Elongation at break % % D 882Flammability % 0 % 0 D 2863Force at elongation (50, 100,150, 200 %)lbf/in. kN/m D 882Gloss . . D 2457Haze % % D 1003Protrusion puncture in./lb M/kgAStatic electrification V V D 4470Stress retention % % D 5459Tear resistance (Elmendorf) g
44、m N D 1922Ultimate tensile strength lb/in.2Pa D 882Water vapor transmission rate g/24 h-100in.2g/h-m2E 96,Procedure EWetting tension dyne/cm dyne/cm D 2578Yield (coverage) in.2/lb m2/Kg D 4321ANew Standard Test Method for Protrusion Puncture Resistance of Stretch-Wrap Materials is under development.
45、TABLE 2 Test Methods Related to PerformanceProcedure ASTM Test MethodTest Method for Evaluating Abrasion Resistance ofStretch Wrap MaterialD 5416Test Method for Evaluating Load ContainmentPerformance of Stretch Wrap Material by VibrationTestingD 5415Test Method for Evaluation of Horizontal ImpactPer
46、formance of Stretch Wrap MaterialsD 5414Test Method for Evaluation of Mechanical Handling ofUnitized Loads Secured with Stretch Wrap MaterialsD 5331TABLE 3 Average Weight/Yield Tolerances for Stretch WrapMaterialNumber of Rolls Tolerance, %Any one roll 67Lots over 25 65D464903314.2 Stretch film may
47、be used to secure cushioning, edgeprotection, or other package components to an individual item(office furniture, windows, etc.) (primary/secondary package).14.3 Stretch film may be used as a primary protective wrapfor individual products (rolled products, metal coils, etc.)(primary package).14.4 St
48、retch film may be used to bundle multiple productsand provide surface protection (metal extrusions, wood mold-ing) (primary package).14.5 Stretch film may be applied to rolled forage crops tofacilitate the decomposition into silage (primary package)15. Film Force Applied to the Load15.1 Concept of L
49、oad ContainmentProper load contain-ment allows the film to securely hold a load in place, so theload safely arrives intact at a customers location. Stretch filmis properly applied when: film is elongated; applied undertension; and the elastic recovery conforms to the load. Loadcontainment can be increased with additional wraps of stretchfilm, heavier gauge film, or increased post-stretch.15.2 Film Load Containment PropertiesFilms can differin stretch retention and elastic recovery characteristics.15.3 Film force to load is usually measured by d
