1、Designation: D4544 12Standard Practice forEstimating Peat Deposit Thickness1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4544; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parenthes
2、es indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This practice uses a technique of probing to estimate thethickness of surficial peat deposits overlying mineral soil orbedrock.1.2 This standard does not
3、 purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.3 This practice offers a set of instruc
4、tions for performingone or more specific operations. This document cannot replaceeducation or experience and should be used in conjunctionwith professional judgment. Not all aspects of this practice maybe applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is notintended to represent or replace the
5、standard of care by whichthe adequacy of a given professional service must be judged,nor should this document be applied without consideration ofa projects many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in thetitle of this document means only that the document has beenapproved through the ASTM consensus p
6、rocess.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for AgenciesEngaged in Tes
7、ting and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock asUsed in Engineering Design and ConstructionD6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in GeotechnicalData3. Terminology3.1 For definitions of common terms used in this standard,refer to Terminology D653.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2
8、.1 peata naturally occurring organic substance derivedprimarily from plant materials.4. Summary of Practice4.1 The resistance to penetration of a pushed or driven rodwill increase sharply at the boundary of a peat layer withunderlying mineral soil or bedrock. When this abrupt change ismeasured in a
9、series of probings with an appropriate spacing,the thickness and areal extent of peat can be defined and thevolume of peat may be calculated.4.2 Sampling of the peat may be required to determine thepeat characteristics.4.3 All measured and calculated values shall conform to theguidelines for signifi
10、cant digits and rounding established inPractice D6026.5. Significance and Use5.1 This practice allows the determination of the depth atwhich the resistance to penetration of a pushed or driven rodincreases sharply. When the overlying material is peat and theunderlying one is mineral soil or bedrock,
11、 the depth of changemay be interpreted as the thickness of peat. Successive arealdeterminations of this depth, in combination with surfacemeasurements of the lateral extent of peat will allow calcula-tion of the volume of peat in the deposit.NOTE 1The quality of the result produced by this standard
12、isdependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and thesuitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet thecriteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competentand objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard arecautioned that
13、 compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assurereliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.6. Interferences6.1 Sampling of the zone of contact of peat with underlyingmaterial is usually necessary to verify th
14、e interpretations ofmaterial change from the rod penetration resistances.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil andRock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.22 on Soil as a Mediumfor Plant Growth.Current edition approved July 1, 2012. Published Septemb
15、er 2012. Originallyapproved in 1986. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D4544 86(2008).DOI: 10.1520/D4544-12.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to
16、the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States16.2 Where the peat mineral transition zone is of signifi-cant thic
17、kness, or where the peat is underlain by soft clays ormarls, further sampling and testing will be required (see 7.2).6.3 The frequency of sampling is highly dependent upon thephysical details of the deposit.6.4 Penetration of the rod may be prevented by wood piecesin the peat deposit. Data should be
18、 examined and rechecked ifthis occurrence is suspected.6.5 The thin and flexible nature of the rod strings will limitthe depths of penetrating and sampling.7. Apparatus7.1 Graduated Steel RodsPenetration is achieved withgraduated steel rods of 9.5 6 1.0-mm diameter and 1.0- or1.2-m length, which can
19、 be threaded together to penetrate arange of thickness. The rods are ringed at 200-mm intervals foreasy estimation of depth. A ring with a short threaded end isscrewed into the last section and another rod or stick insertedhorizontally to facilitate pulling out the rod.7.2 Piston-Type SamplerSamplin
20、g is achieved, asnecessary, with a piston-type or similar exploratory typesampler, the head of which is threaded into the bottom rod.8. Procedure8.1 Align the rod vertically.8.2 Penetrate the peat with the rod by pushing or driving.Add sections of rod as required.8.3 Measure the thickness of peat wh
21、en the resistance topenetration of the rod increases sharply owing to the resistanceof the material underlying the peat to the nearest 0.1 m. It maybe possible to hear the scraping of the rod in the underlyingsoil, especially when it is sand.8.4 Pull up the rod and seek verification of the resistanc
22、echange by the presence of mineral material in the threads of thebottom rod.8.5 Record the lateral position of the sounding.8.6 Repeat steps 8.1-8.5 as necessary to define the thicknessof the peat and its lateral extent.8.7 At selected locations, attach the sampler and obtain peatand peat mineral so
23、il contact zone samples. When a piston-type sampler is attached to the bottom rod, the head is pusheddown until resistance is met, the rod is pulled up until thecentral core catches at the end of the outer cylinder, and theopen cylinder is then pushed a little further to obtain mineralmaterial.9. Re
24、port9.1 Record as a minimum the following general informa-tion:9.1.1 Name and location of project; names of field party,9.1.2 Technician name and date.9.2 Record as a minimum the following test information:9.2.1 A map of the positions penetrated or sampled. Showsurface elevations and water levels, w
25、here available,9.2.2 A table of peat depths showing aerial locations andnoting whether depth was determined by penetration orsampling,9.2.3 Descriptions of samples taken, along with locations,and9.2.4 Any test data run on samples taken, and10. Keywords10.1 deposit thickness; peat; probingSUMMARY OF
26、CHANGESCommittee D18 has identified the location of selected changes to this practice since the last issue,D4544-86(2008), that may impact the use of this practice. (Approved July 1, 2012)(1) Revised the scope to make it more general.(2) Expanded Section 9 Report.(3) Added Terminology D653 to Sectio
27、n 3.(4) Added a units statement as new 1.4.(5) Deleted old footnotes 2, 3, and 4.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the va
28、lidity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your co
29、mments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments hav
30、e not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple
31、 copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).D4544 122
