1、Designation: D4439 15aD4439 17Standard Terminology forGeosynthetics1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4439; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indic
2、ates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Referenced Documents1.1 ASTM Standards:2C125 Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete AggregatesD1987 Test Method for Biological Clogging of Geotextile or Soil/Geotex
3、tile FiltersD4354 Practice for Sampling of Geosynthetics and Rolled Erosion Control Products (RECPs) for TestingD4491/D4491M Test Methods for Water Permeability of Geotextiles by PermittivityD4533/D4533M Test Method for Trapezoid Tearing Strength of GeotextilesD4594/D4594M Test Method for Effects of
4、 Temperature on Stability of GeotextilesD4595 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Geotextiles by the Wide-Width Strip MethodD4632/D4632M Test Method for Grab Breaking Load and Elongation of GeotextilesD4716/D4716M Test Method for Determining the (In-plane) Flow Rate per Unit Width and Hydraulic Tr
5、ansmissivity of aGeosynthetic Using a Constant HeadD4751 Test Methods for Determining Apparent Opening Size of a GeotextileD4759 Practice for Determining the Specification Conformance of GeosyntheticsD4833/D4833M Test Method for Index Puncture Resistance of Geomembranes and Related ProductsD4873 Gui
6、de for Identification, Storage, and Handling of Geosynthetic Rolls and SamplesD4884/D4884M Test Method for Strength of Sewn or Bonded Seams of GeotextilesD4885 Test Method for Determining Performance Strength of Geomembranes by the Wide Strip Tensile MethodD5101 Test Method for Measuring the Filtrat
7、ion Compatibility of Soil-Geotextile SystemsD5141 Test Method for Determining Filtering Efficiency and Flow Rate of the Filtration Component of a Sediment RetentionDeviceD5262 Test Method for Evaluating the Unconfined Tension Creep and Creep Rupture Behavior of GeosyntheticsD5322 Practice for Labora
8、tory Immersion Procedures for Evaluating the Chemical Resistance of Geosynthetics to LiquidsD5323 Practice for Determination of 2 % Secant Modulus for Polyethylene GeomembranesD5397 Test Method for Evaluation of Stress Crack Resistance of Polyolefin Geomembranes Using Notched Constant TensileLoad Te
9、stD5494 Test Method for the Determination of Pyramid Puncture Resistance of Unprotected and Protected GeomembranesD5496 Practice for In Field Immersion Testing of GeosyntheticsD5514/D5514M Test Method for Large Scale Hydrostatic Puncture Testing of GeosyntheticsD5567 Test Method for Hydraulic Conduc
10、tivity Ratio (HCR) Testing of Soil/Geotextile SystemsD5594 Test Method for Determination of the Vinyl Acetate Content of Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate (EVA) Copolymers by FourierTransform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR)D5617 Test Method for Multi-Axial Tension Test for GeosyntheticsD5641 Practice for Geomemb
11、rane Seam Evaluation by Vacuum ChamberD5747/D5747M Practice for Tests to Evaluate the Chemical Resistance of Geomembranes to LiquidsD5818 Practice for Exposure and Retrieval of Samples to Evaluate Installation Damage of GeosyntheticsD5820 Practice for Pressurized Air Channel Evaluation of Dual Seame
12、d GeomembranesD5994/D5994M Test Method for Measuring Core Thickness of Textured Geomembranes1 This terminology is under the jurisdiction of D35 on Geosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of D35.93 on Editorial and Terminology.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2015Aug. 1, 2017. Published Septe
13、mber 2015August 2017. Originally approved in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 2015 asD4439 15.D4439 15a. DOI: 10.1520/D4439-15A.10.1520/D4439-17.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Sta
14、ndardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possibl
15、e to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West
16、Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States11.2 Federal Standard:3Federal Standard 751a Stitches, Seams, and Stitchings2. Terminologyabsorption, nthe process by which a liquid is drawn into and tends to fill permeable pores in a porous solid body, also, theincrease in mass of a porous solid body resu
17、lting from penetration of a liquid into its permeable pores. C125aerobic, na condition in which a measurable volume of air is present in the incubation chamber or system. D1987anaerobic, na condition in which no measurable volume of air is present in the incubation chamber or system. D1987apparent o
18、pening size (AOS),O95, nfor a geotextile, a property which indicates the approximate largest particle that wouldeffectively pass through the geotextile. D4751atmosphere for testing geosynthetics, nair maintained at a relative humidity between 50 to 70 % and a temperature of 21 62C2 C (70 6 4F).4 F).
19、 D4439, D4751, D5494back flushing, na process by which liquid is forced in the reverse direction to the flow direction. D1987basis weightdeprecated term (do not use in the sense of mass per unit area). D4439bend, vtin mechanics, to force an object from its natural or manufactured shape into a curve
20、or into increased curvature. D4439biocide, na chemical used to kill bacteria and other microorganisms. D1987bituminous geosynthetic barrier (GBR-B), nfactory-produced structure of geosynthetic materials in the form of a sheet inwhich the barrier function is fulfilled by bitumen.blinding, nfor geotex
21、tiles, the condition where soil particles block the surface openings of the fabric, thereby reducing thehydraulic conductivity of the system. D4439breaking force, (F), J,nthe force at failure. D4885breaking load, nthe maximum force applied to a specimen in a tensile test carried to rupture. D4632/D4
22、632Mbreaking toughness, T, (FL1),Jm2, nfor geotextiles, the actual work-to-break per unit surface area of material. D4595, D4885chemical resistance, nthe ability to resist chemical attack. D5322clogging, nfor geotextiles, the condition where soil particles move into and are retained in the openings
23、of the fabric, therebyreducing the hydraulic conductivity. D4439clogging potential, nin geotextiles, the tendency for a given geotextile to decrease permeability due to soil particles that haveeither lodged in the geotextile openings or have built up a restrictive layer on the surface of the geotext
24、ile. D5101compressed thickness (t, (L), mm),nthickness under a specified stress applied normal to the material. D4439constant-rate-of-load tensile testing machine (CRL), na testing machine in which the rate of increase of the load being appliedto the specimen is uniform with time after the first 3 s
25、. D4439corresponding force, nsynonym for force at specified elongation. D4885coupon, na portion of a material or laboratory sample from which multiple specimens can be taken for testing. D5747/D5747Mcreep, nthe time-dependent increase in accumulative strain in a material resulting from an applied co
26、nstant force. D5262critical height (ch),nthe maximum exposed height of a cone or pyramid that will not cause a puncture failure of a geosyntheticat a specified hydrostatic pressure for a given period of time. D5514/D5514Mcross-machine direction, nthe direction in the plane of the fabric perpendicula
27、r to the direction of manufacture. D4632/D4632Mdensity (, (ML3), kg/m3),nmass per unit volume. D4439design loadthe load at which the geosynthetic is required to operate in order to perform its intended function. D5262elastic limit, nin mechanics, the stress intensity at which stress and deformation
28、of a material subjected to an increasing forcecease to be proportional; the limit of stress within which a material will return to its original size and shape when the force isremoved, and hence, not a permanent set. D48853 Available from DLA Document Services, Building 4/D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philad
29、elphia, PA 19111-5094, http:/quicksearch.dla.mil.D4439 172elongation at break, nthe elongation corresponding to the breaking load, that is, the maximum load. D4632/D4632Mfailure, nan arbitrary point beyond which a material ceases to be functionally capable of its intended use. D4885, D5262failure, n
30、in testing geosynthetics, water or air pressure in the test vessel at failure of the geosynthetic. D5514/D5514Mfield testing, ntesting performed in the field under actual conditions of temperature and exposure to the fluids for which theimmersion testing is being performed. D5496filldeprecated term,
31、 see filling.filling, nyarn running from selvage to selvage at right angles to the warp in a woven fabric. D4439flexible polypropylene, na material having a 2 % secant modulus of less than 300 MPa (40,000 psi) as determined by PracticeD5323 produced by polymerization of propylene with or without oth
32、er alpha olefin monomers.force at specific elongation, FASE, nthe force associated with a specific elongation on the force-elongation curve. D4439force-elongation curve, nin a tensile test, a graphical representation of the relationship between the magnitude of an externallyapplied force and the cha
33、nge in length of the specimen in the direction of the applied force. (Synonym for stress-strain curve.)D4885geocomposite, na product composed of two or more materials, at least one of which is a geosynthetic.geofoam, nblock or planar rigid cellular foamed polymeric material used in geotechnical engi
34、neering applications.geogrid, na geosynthetic formed by a regular network of integrally connected elements with apertures greater than 6.35 mm (14in.) to allow interlocking with surrounding soil, rock, earth, and other surrounding materials to function primarily asreinforcement. D5262geomembrane, na
35、n essentially impermeable geosynthetic composed of one or more synthetic sheets. D4439,D4873, D4885, D5994/D5994M, D5820geonet, na geosynthetic consisting of integrally connected parallel sets of ribs overlying similar sets at various angles for planardrainage of liquids or gases. D4439geostrippolym
36、eric material in the form of a strip of width not more than 200 mm (7.87 in.), used in contact with soil or othermaterials in geotechnical and civil engineering applications, or both.geosynthetic, na planar product manufactured from polymeric material used with soil, rock, earth, or other geotechnic
37、alengineering related material as an integral part of a man-made project, structure, or system. D4354, D4759, D4873, D5617,D5818geosynthetic barrierlow-permeability geosynthetic material, used in geotechnical and civil engineering applications with thepurpose of reducing or preventing the flow of fl
38、uid through the construction.geosynthetic cementitious composite mat (GCCM), na factory-assembled geosynthetic composite consisting of a cementitiousmaterial contained within layer or layers of geosynthetic materials that becomes hardened when hydrated.geosynthetic clay liner, na manufactured hydrau
39、lic barrier consisting of clay bonded to a layer or layers of geosyntheticmaterials.geotechnical engineering, nthe engineering application of geotechnics. D4439, D4595geotechnics, nthe application of scientific methods and engineering principles to the acquisition, interpretation, and use ofknowledg
40、e of materials of the earths crust to the solution of engineering problems. D4439, D4491/D4491M, D4595,D4716/D4716M, D4751geotextile, na permeable geosynthetic comprised solely of textiles.DISCUSSIONGeotextiles perform several functions in geotechnical engineering applications, including: separation
41、; filtration; drainage; reinforcement;separation,filtration, drainage, reinforcement, and protection. D1987, D4439, D5594grab test, nin fabric testing, a tension test in which only a part of the width of the specimen is gripped in the clamps.D4632/D4632MD4439 173gradient ratio, nin geotextiles, the
42、ratio of the hydraulic gradient through a soil-geotextile system to the hydraulic gradientthrough the soil alone. D5101gravity flow, nflow in a direction parallel to the plane of a geotextile or related product driven predominately by a differencein elevation between the inlet and outflow points of
43、a specimen. D4716/D4716Mhead, npressure at a point in a liquid, expressed in terms of the vertical distance of the point below the surface of the liquid.D4716/D4716Mhydraulic conductivity (k),nthe rate of discharge of water under laminar flow conditions through a unit cross-sectional area ofa porous
44、 medium under a unit hydraulic gradient and standard temperature conditions (20C).(20 C). D5567hydraulic conductivity ratio (HCR),nthe ratio of the hydraulic conductivty of the soil/geotextile system, ksg, at any time duringthe test, to the initial hydraulic conductivity, ksgo, measured at the begin
45、ning of the test (NEW).hydraulic gradient, i, s (D)the loss of hydraulic head per unit distance of flow, dH/dL. D5101hydraulic transmissivity, (L2 T1),nfor a geotextile or related product, the volumetric flow rate of water per unit width ofspecimen per unit gradient in a direction parallel to the pl
46、ane of the specimen. D4716/D4716Mhydrostatic pressure, na state of stress in which all the principal stresses are equal (and there is no shear stress), as in a liquidat rest; induced artificially by means of a gaged pressure system; the product of the unit weight of the liquid and the differencein e
47、levation between the given point and the free water elevation. D5514/D5514Mindex test, na test procedure which may contain a known bias but which may be used to establish an order for a set of specimenswith respect to the property of interest. D4833/D4833M, D4885inflection point, nthe first point of
48、 the force-elongation curve at which the second derivative equals zero. D4885initial tensile modulus, Jp (FL1), Nm1,nfor geosynthetics, the ratio of the change in force per unit width to the change inelongation of the initial portion of a force-elongation curve. D4885in-plane flow, nfluid flow confi
49、ned to a direction parallel to the plane of a geotextile or related product. D4716/D4716Mintegral, adjin geosynthetics, forming a necessary part of the whole; constituent. D4439laboratory sample, na portion of material taken to represent the lot sample, or the original material, and used in the laboratoryas a source of test specimens. D4354laminar flow, nflow in which the head loss is proportional to the first power of the velocity. D4716/D4716Mlinear density, nmass per unit length; the quotie
