1、Designation: D4427 13Standard Classification ofPeat Samples by Laboratory Testing1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4427; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in par
2、entheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This classification is a system for subdividing andassigning nomen
3、clature to peat samples through laboratorytests.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of reg
4、ulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD1997 Test Method for Laboratory Determination of theFiber Content of Peat Samples by Dry MassD2974 Test Methods for Moisture, Ash, and Organic Matterof Peat and Ot
5、her Organic SoilsD2976 Test Method for pH of Peat Materials (Withdrawn2013)3D2980 Test Method for Volume Mass, Moisture-HoldingCapacity, and Porocity of Saturated Peat MaterialsD3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for AgenciesEngaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock asUsed in Enginee
6、ring Design and Construction3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of common technical termsin this standard, refer to Terminology D653.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 absorbencythe amount of water by mass that can beheld by the peat. This amount is expressed in terms
7、of thewater-holding capacity as measured using Test Method D2980.3.2.2 acidityexpressed as the pH of the peat in water asmeasured using Test Method D2976.3.2.3 ash contentthe percentage by dry mass of materialremaining after the oven dry peat is burned, using the methodsdescribed in Test Methods D29
8、74.3.2.4 botanical compositionthe dominant plant genus,genera, or informal plant group identified by visual observationas comprising a portion of the fiber in the peat.3.2.5 fiber contentthe dry mass of fibers remaining afterwet sieving over a No. 100 (150-m) sieve. Fiber content isexpressed as a pe
9、rcentage of the original dry mass, using themethod described in Test Method D1997.4. Significance and Use4.1 The purpose of this classification is to standardize thenaming of peat materials so that the peat-producer can betteridentify the product and the peat-consumer can better selectpeat materials
10、 to meet requirements. This system may also beused for peat resource evaluations, environmental impactreports, and preliminary engineering studies. The parametersselected for use in this classification are ones which have beendetermined to relate to the agricultural/horticultural,geotechnical, and e
11、nergy uses of peats.NOTE 1The quality of the result produced by this standard isdependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and thesuitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet thecriteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competentand objec
12、tive testing. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliancewith Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliableresults depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means ofevaluating some of those factors.5. Sampling5.1 Representative samples of the peat should be use
13、d. Thesize and type of sample needed is dependent on the tests to beperformed and the coarseness and moisture content of the peat.When taking the sample, it should be accurately identified andplaced in a sealed container to prevent moisture loss.1This classification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM
14、 Committee D18 on Soiland Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.07 on Identificationand Classification of Soils.Current edition approved July 1, 2013. Published July 2013. Originally approvedin 1984. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D4427 07. DOI: 10.1520/D4427-13.2For r
15、eferenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is reference
16、d onwww.astm.org.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States16. Basis for Classification6.1 Fiber Content:6.1.1 FibricPeat with greater than 67 % fibers.6.1.2 HemicP
17、eat with between 33 % and 67 % fibers.6.1.3 SapricPeat with less than 33 % fibers.NOTE 2These fiber content categories may be related to the widelyused field assessment of the degree of humification (H) developed by VonPost.4Fibric corresponds approximately to H1 H3, hemic to H4 H6,and sapric to H7
18、H10.6.2 Ash ContentAs measured by Test Methods D2974:6.2.1 Low AshPeat with less than 5 % ash.6.2.2 Medium AshPeat with between 5 and 15 % ash.6.2.3 High AshPeat with more than 15 % ash.6.3 AcidityAs measured by Test Method D2976:6.3.1 Highly AcidicPeat with a pH less than 4.5.6.3.2 Moderately Acidi
19、cPeat with a pH between 4.5 and5.5.6.3.3 Slightly AcidicPeat with a pH greater than 5.5 andless than 7.6.3.4 BasicPeat with a pH equal to or greater than 7.6.4 AbsorbencyAs measured by Test Method D2980:6.4.1 Extremely AbsorbentPeat with a water-holding ca-pacity greater than 1500 %.6.4.2 Highly Abs
20、orbentPeat with a water-holding capacitybetween 800 and 1500 %.6.4.3 Moderately AbsorbentPeat with a water-holdingcapacity greater than 300 and less than 800 %.6.4.4 Slightly AbsorbentPeat with a water-holding capac-ity less than or equal to 300 %.6.5 Botanical CompositionIf a botanical designation
21、isnecessary, the following rules of naming should be applied:6.5.1 If a single botanical name or other botanical designa-tion is used, for example, Sphagnum Peat, Taxodium Peat,Moss Peat, Herbaceous Peat, or Woody Peat, it is necessarythat at least 75 % of the fiber content of that peat should beder
22、ived from the designated type of plant material.6.5.2 If two or more botanical designations are used innaming the peat, for example, Reed-Sedge Peat, Bay-GumPeat, Myrica-Persea-Salix Peat, Spruce-Moss-Sedge Peat, it isnecessary that at least 75 % of the fiber content of that peat becomposed of these
23、 types of plants as a group. Furthermore, theorder of the plant types in the group name should indicate therelative quantity of each type in the peat with the dominantcomponent appearing last.NOTE 3For peats with less than 33 % fiber (that is, Sapric) it wouldbe advisable to refrain from using a bot
24、anical designation unless asignificant portion of the non-fiber can be identified (for example, algalpeat).7. Use of This System7.1 The order of classification should be as follows: fibercontent, ash content, acidity, absorbency, and botanicaldesignation, if necessary.7.2 For example, a peat sample
25、with a fiber content of 55 %,an ash content of 8 %, a pH of 4.7, a water-holding capacity of1200 %, and with 70 % of its fibers derived from Sphagnumand 20 % from Carex would be designated a Hemic, MediumAsh, Moderately Acidic, Highly Absorbent, Carex-SphagnumPeat.8. Precision and Bias8.1 PrecisionT
26、est data on precision is not presented due tothe nature of the materials tested by this standard. It is eithernot feasible or too costly at this time to have ten or morelaboratories participate in a round-robin testing program. Inaddition, it is either not feasible or too costly to producemultiple s
27、pecimens that have uniform physical properties.Anyvariation observed in the data is just as likely to be due tospecimen variation as to operator or laboratory testing varia-tion.8.1.1 Subcommittee D18.07 is seeking any data from theusers of this classification that might be used to make a limitedsta
28、tement on precision.8.2 BiasThere is no accepted reference value for this testmethod, therefore, bias cannot be determined.9. Keywords9.1 absorbency; acidity; ash content; botanical composition;classification; fiber content; laboratory testing; nomenclature;peat4Korpijaakko, E. O., and Woolnough, D.
29、 F., “Peatland Survey and Inventory”,Muskeg and the Northern Environment in Canada, University of Toronto Press,1977.D4427 132SUMMARY OF CHANGESCommittee D18 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue(D4427 07) that may impact the use of this standard. (App
30、roved July 1, 2013.)(1) Removed jargon and superlative wording and replacedwith acceptable language.(2) Replaced “weight” with “mass” throughout.(3) Removed from Section 3 the definition of peat since it isalready in Terminology D653.(4) Reworded 3.2.5.(5) Renamed Section 5.(6) Renamed Section 7.(7)
31、 Added 7.1 and renumbered former 7.1 to 7.2.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and
32、 the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revisio
33、n of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you sho
34、uldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).D4427 133
