1、Designation: D4383 051 D4383 12Standard Specification forPlowable, Raised Retroreflective Pavement Markers1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4383; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last
2、revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1 NOTEFigure 4 was corrected editorially in August 2005.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers a type of plowable, retroreflective, rais
3、ed pavement marker for lane marking and delineation.1.2 Retroreflective markers are intended for nighttime visibility.1.3 The values stated in SIinch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. standard except where noted in the document.The values given in parentheses are for information only.m
4、athematical conversions to SI units that are provided for informationonly and are not considered standard.1.4 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test methods portion, Section 10, of this specification:This standarddoes not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, a
5、ssociated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of thisstandard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A536 Specification for Ductile Iron CastingsC184 Test Me
6、thod for Fineness of Hydraulic Cement by the 150-m (No. 100) and 75-m (No. 200) Sieves (Withdrawn 2002)3C430 Test Method for Fineness of Hydraulic Cement by the 45-m (No. 325) SieveD5 Test Method for Penetration of Bituminous MaterialsD36 Test Method for Softening Point of Bitumen (Ring-and-Ball App
7、aratus)D70 Test Method for Density of Semi-Solid Bituminous Materials (Pycnometer Method)D71 Test Method for Relative Density of Solid Pitch and Asphalt (Displacement Method)D92 Test Method for Flash and Fire Points by Cleveland Open Cup TesterD113 Test Method for Ductility of Bituminous MaterialsD1
8、754 Test Method for Effects of Heat and Air on Asphaltic Materials (Thin-Film Oven Test)D1785 Specification for Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Plastic Pipe, Schedules 40, 80, and 120D1856 Test Method for Recovery of Asphalt From Solution by Abson MethodD2171 Test Method for Viscosity of Asphalts by Vacu
9、um Capillary ViscometerD2172 Test Methods for Quantitative Extraction of Bitumen From Bituminous Paving MixturesD2669 Test Method for Apparent Viscosity of Petroleum Waxes Compounded with Additives (Hot Melts)D4280 Specification for Extended Life Type, Nonplowable, Raised Retroreflective Pavement Ma
10、rkersD3111 Test Method for Flexibility Determination of Hot-Melt Adhesives by Mandrel Bend Test MethodD4402 Test Method for Viscosity Determination of Asphalt at Elevated Temperatures Using a Rotational ViscometerD5329 Test Methods for Sealants and Fillers, Hot-Applied, for Joints and Cracks in Asph
11、altic and Portland Cement ConcretePavementsE18 Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness of Metallic MaterialsE284 Terminology of AppearanceE308 Practice for Computing the Colors of Objects by Using the CIE SystemE691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Met
12、hodE808 Practice for Describing RetroreflectionE809 Practice for Measuring Photometric Characteristics of RetroreflectorsE811 Practice for Measuring Colorimetric Characteristics of Retroreflectors Under Nighttime Conditions2.2 Federal Specifications:4TT-T-291 Thinner, Paint, Mineral Spirits, Regular
13、 and OdorlessCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States12.3 AASHTO Standards:5AASHTO M237 Epoxy Resin Adhesive for Bonding Traffic Markers to Hardened Concrete3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 cleanabilitythe ability of a raise
14、d retroreflective marker to keep its optical surfaces clean under traffic and environmentalconditions.3.1.2 coeffcient of luminous intensity, RIthe ratio of the luminous intensity (I) of the retroreflector in the direction ofobservation to the illuminance (E) at the retroreflector on a plane perpend
15、icular to the direction of the incident light, expressed incandelas per lux (cd/lx) (see Practice E808 and Terminology E284).3.1.2.1 DiscussionThe values presented for the coefficient of luminous intensity are presented in SI units, which are the accepted worldwide normfor expressing this value, rat
16、her than in inch-pounds. When values are low, the coefficient of (retroreflected) luminous intensitymay be given in millicandelas per lux. In inch-pound units, RI is given in candelas per footcandle (cd/fc). Historically, the term“specific intensity” and symbol “SI” have been used to designate this
17、term but “RI” is preferred.3.1.3 colorexpressed by chromaticity coordinates according to the CIE (Commission Internationale de lEclairage 1931)standard colorimetric system.3.1.4 horizontal entrance anglethe angle in the horizontal plane between the direction of incident light and the normal to thele
18、ading edge of the marker.3.1.4.1 DiscussionThis angle corresponds to the entrance angle component 2 when the marker is positioned for photometry. (See Practice E808.)The direction given in Practice E808 should be used when designating this angle.3.1.5 observation anglethe angle at the reflector betw
19、een the illumination axis and the observation axis. (See Practice E808.)3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 raised retroreflective pavement markers, raised retroreflective marker, retroreflective marker, and markerusedinterchangeably in this specification to refer to a molded pl
20、astic prismatic retroreflector, the reflecting area of which is covered withan abrasion-resistant lens surface. The terms do not include the metal holder sometimes used to protect markers from plow blades.4. Classification4.1 Markers shall be classified as to type, color, and intended application.4.
21、1.1 Types of Markers:4.1.1.1 Type ATwo-way retroreflective markers, one color.4.1.1.2 Type BOne-way retroreflective markers, one color.4.1.1.3 Type ETwo-way retroreflective marker, two colors.4.1.2 Color of Markers:4.1.2.1 WWhite,4.1.2.2 YYellow,4.1.2.3 RRed,4.1.2.4 BBlue, and4.1.2.5 GGreen.4.1.3 In
22、tended Application of Markers:4.1.3.1 Marker to be mounted in a holder.4.1.3.2 Marker to be mounted in a recess.4.1.4 Show classification in the order detailed in 4.1.1-4.1.3.2: type, color, and application.1 This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D04 on Road and Paving Mater
23、ials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D04.38 on HighwayTraffic Control Materials.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2005June 1, 2012. Published February 2005June 2012. Originally approved in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 20032005 asD4383 03.D4383 05e1. DOI: 10.1520/D4383-05E0
24、1.2 For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 The last approved version of this historical standard
25、is referenced on www.astm.org.4 Available from U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402.5 Available from American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, 444 N. Capitol, Washington, DC 20001.D4383 1224.2 Holders shall be classified as to the design installed height of
26、 the holder above the pavement.5. Ordering Information5.1 Orders for markers under this specification should include the following information:5.1.1 Quantity,5.1.2 Type of markerRetroreflective one-way or retroreflective two-way, and5.1.3 Color of marker.5.2 Orders for holders under this specificati
27、on should include the following information:5.2.1 Design installed maximum height of the holder.6. Performance Requirements6.1 Retroreflectivity6.1.1 For new markers, coefficient of luminous intensity (RI) measured in accordance with 10.1 shall be not less than the valuesin Table 1.6.1.2 After abrad
28、ing the marker per 10.2, coefficient of luminous intensity at 0 entrance angle measured in accordance with10.1 shall be not less than the values in Table 1 multiplied by 0.5.NOTE 1No laboratory abrasion test has been established for markers having biconvex optical elements.NOTE 2Some two-color marke
29、rs may intentionally have only one of the retroreflective faces abrasion resistant, in which case the second face shouldnot be abraded.NOTE 3No laboratory abrasion test can be expected to model the full range of surface wear of pavement markers in use.6.2 ColorWhen the retroreflector is illuminated
30、by a CIE Standard Source A and when measured in accordance with 10.3, thecolor of the retroreflected light shall fall within the color gamuts given by the following corner points and shown in Fig. 1:6.2.1 WhitePoint No. x y1 0.310 0.3482 0.453 0.4403 0.500 0.4404 0.500 0.3805 0.440 0.3806 0.310 0.28
31、36.2.2 YellowPoint No. x y1 0.545 0.4242 0.559 0.4393 0.609 0.3904 0.597 0.3906.2.3 RedPoint No. x y1 0.650 0.3302 0.668 0.3303 0.734 0.2654 0.721 0.259TABLE 1 Coefficient of Luminous Intensity RINOTE 1The retroreflector axis and datum axis of the marker are asshown in Fig. 2 and Fig. 3.NOTE 2Entran
32、ce angle component 1 and rotation angle are 0.NOTE 3The RIvalues presented for the coefficient of luminousintensity in mcd/lxthe are to be regarded as the standard. table are givenin SI units, which are the accepted worldwide norm for expressing thisvalue, rather than in inch-pounds. The values in c
33、d/fc are provided forinformation.Entrance Angle2ObservationAngleMinimum Value RI, mcd/lxWhite Yellow Red Green Blue0+ 20/200.20.227911216767702893372610Entrance Angle2ObservationAngleMinimum Value RI, cd/fcWhite Yellow Red Green Blue0+ 20/200.20.23.01.21.80.720.750.301.00.400.280.11D4383 1236.2.4 Bl
34、uePoint No. x y1 0.039 0.3202 0.160 0.3203 0.160 0.2404 0.183 0.2185 0.088 0.1426.2.5 GreenPoint No. x y1 0.009 0.7332 0.288 0.5203 0.209 0.3954 0.012 0.4946.3 Lens Impact StrengthWhen impacted in accordance with 10.4.2 the face of the lens shall show no more than two radialcracks longer than 6.4 mm
35、 (0.25 in.).0.25 in. (6.4 mm). There shall be no radial cracks extending to the edge of theabrasion-resistant area. There shall be no delamination.6.4 Temperature CyclingWhen subjected to temperature cycling in accordance with 10.4.3 there shall be no cracking ordelamination.6.5 Adhesive Bond Streng
36、thBecause no practical laboratory procedures have been determined to provide complete, reliable,and predictive information on adhesive bond strength, the user is encouraged to seek information from alternative sources suchas field tests. A field test of duration 12 months is recommended. A control m
37、arker is chosen with known satisfactory adhesion.The test markers may be required to experience no more than 1.5 times as great an adhesion failure rate as the controls. The testseverity should be such that between 3 % and 20 % of the controls fail during the field test. There must be adequate numbe
38、rs oftest markers and controls for statistical validity.6.6 Compressive StrengthTested in accordance with 10.5, a marker shall support a load of 26700 N (2720 kgf, 6000 lbf)6000lbf (26700 N, 2720 kgf) without breakage or significant deformation of the marker. Significant permanent deformation shall
39、beunderstood to be 3.2 mm (0.13 in.).0.13 in. (3.2 mm). For markers laminated to an elastomeric pad, remove the pad before testing.6.7 Ramp Hardness of HoldersMeasured in accordance with 10.6, the hardness of the ramps shall be 51-55 HRC.7. Construction Requirements for Retroreflective Markers7.1 To
40、 withstand plowing, raised retroreflective markers are protected either by recessing within a groove below the pavementsurface (see Appendix X1), mounting within a holder having metal ramps to deflect plowblades, or by other methods approvedby the purchaser.7.2 Retroreflective Markers:FIG. 1 Color G
41、amut per 6.2D4383 1247.2.1 The marker shall be comprised of materials with adequate chemical, water, and UV resistance for the intended use.7.2.2 The marker width shall be approximately 102 mm (4 in.).4 in. (102 mm).7.2.3 The angle between the face of the marker and the base shall be no greater than
42、 45.7.2.4 Markers to be mounted in a holder may preferably be laminated to an elastomeric pad.7.2.5 The base of the marker shall be flat within 1.3 mm (0.05 in.).0.05 in. (1.3 mm). If the bottom of the marker is configurated,the outermost faces of the configurations shall not deviate more than 1.3 m
43、m (0.05 in.)0.05 in. (1.3 mm) from a flat surface.7.2.6 Other construction meeting the performance requirements will be acceptable following a six-month road test during thetime of the year when weather and traffic conditions are most critical to determine cleanability and durability.7.3 Holder:7.3.
44、1 The installed height of the holder shall not exceed 10.9 mm (0.43 in.)0.43 in. (10.9 mm) above the road surface.7.3.2 The holder shall be nodular iron, conforming to Specification A536, Grade 80-55-06, hardened to 51-55 HRC, when testedaccording to Test Methods E18.7.3.3 To minimize plow blade imp
45、act and damage to the casting, the plow blade deflecting ramps of the holder shall be anglednot more than 6 to the surface of the road.7.3.4 The ramps shall be so designed that there shall be no vertical surfaces above the road level that can be contacted by theplow blade moving in the normal travel
46、 direction of the road.7.3.5 Surfaces of the holder shall be free of scale, dirt, rust, oil, grease, or any other contaminant which may reduce its bondto the adhesive with which the holder is installed or with which the marker is mounted.7.3.6 The holder shall be designed to be partially recessed be
47、low the pavement surface to withstand plow impact. It shall havemeans for indexing the pavement surface, such as tabs.7.3.7 Other holder constructions may be acceptable at the option of the purchaser following a six-month road test during thetime of the year when weather conditions are most critical
48、 to determine durability.8. Sampling8.1 For markers supplied not mounted in holders, 26 markers selected at random will constitute a representative sample for eachlot consisting of 10 000 markers or less. Forty markers will constitute a representative sample for lots consisting of more than10 000 ma
49、rkers. The lot size shall not exceed 25 000 markers.8.2 For markers supplied mounted in holders, the purchaser may require the sample quantities specified in 8.1 or, alternativelyfor practicality of testing, may require 10 samples of the markers installed in holders and, in addition, require that the manufacturersubmit 26 or 40 loose markers, as in 8.1, certified to be representative of the markers shipped in holders.9. Number of Tests and Retests9.1 For coefficient of luminous intensity before abrasion (6.1), the
