1、Designation: D4355/D4355M 14 (Reapproved 2018)Standard Test Method forDeterioration of Geotextiles by Exposure to Light, Moistureand Heat in a Xenon Arc-Type Apparatus1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4355/D4355M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear
2、 of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Dep
3、artment of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of the dete-rioration in tensile strength of geotextiles by exposure to xenonarc radiation, moisture, and heat.1.2 The light and water exposure apparatus employs axenon arc light source.1.3 The values stated in either SI units
4、or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in nonconformancewith the standard.1.4 This standard does not pu
5、rport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international stand
6、ard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Re
7、ferenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD1898 Practice for Sampling of Plastics (Withdrawn 1998)3D4439 Terminology for GeosyntheticsD5035 Test Method for Breaking Force and Elongation ofTextile Fabrics (Strip Method)E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory S
8、tudy toDetermine the Precision of a Test MethodG113 Terminology Relating to Natural and Artificial Weath-ering Tests of Nonmetallic MaterialsG141 Guide for Addressing Variability in Exposure Testingof Nonmetallic MaterialsG151 Practice for Exposing Nonmetallic Materials inAccel-erated Test Devices t
9、hat Use Laboratory Light SourcesG155 Practice for Operating Xenon Arc Light Apparatus forExposure of Non-Metallic Materials3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 geotextileany permeable textile material used withfoundation, soil, rock, earth, or any other geotechnical
10、engineering-related material that is an integral part of amanmade product, structure, or system.3.2 Definitions:3.2.1 For definitions of other textile terms used in this testmethod, refer to Terminology D123; for geotextile terms, referto Terminology D4439.3.2.2 The definitions given in Terminology
11、G113 are appli-cable to this standard.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Five specimens of a geotextile for the machine directionand for the cross-machine direction are exposed in a xenon arcdevice for each of the following times: 0 (control specimens),150, 300, and 500 h. The exposure consists of 120-min
12、 cyclesas follows: 90 min of light only at 65 6 3 C uninsulated blackpanel temperature and 50 6 10 % relative humidity, followedby 30 min of light plus water spray. (See Note 8.)4.2 After each exposure period, the specimens are subjectedto a cut or ravel strip tensile test. The average breaking stre
13、ngthin each direction is compared with the average breakingstrength in each direction of the control specimens. The percentstrength retained is plotted versus exposure period to producea degradation curve for the specimens from each direction.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Commi
14、ttee D35 onGeosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.02 on Endur-ance Properties.Current edition approved June 1, 2018. Published June 2018. Originallyapproved in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as D4355/D4355M 14.DOI: 10.1520/D4355_D4355M-14R18.2For referenced
15、ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.as
16、tm.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment o
17、f International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.15. Significance and Use5.1 This method is intended to induce property changesassociated with end-use conditions, including the effects ofsolar radiation, moisture
18、, and heat. The exposure used is notintended to simulate the deterioration caused by localizedweather phenomena such as atmospheric pollution, biologicalattack, and salt water exposure.5.2 The relation between time to failure in an exposureconducted in accordance with this test method and service li
19、fein a specific outdoor environment requires determination of anacceleration factor, as defined in Terminology G113. Theacceleration factor is material dependent and is only valid if itis based on data from a sufficient number of separate exteriorand laboratory-accelerated exposures so that the resu
20、lts used torelate times to failure in each exposure can be analyzed usingstatistical methods.NOTE 1An example of a statistical analysis using multiple laboratoryand exterior exposures to calculate an acceleration factor is described byJ. A. Simms.4See Practice G151 for more information and additiona
21、lcautions about the use of acceleration factors.5.2.1 The deterioration curve obtained from the results ofthis test method enables the user to determine the tendency ofa geotextile to deteriorate when exposed to xenon arc radiation,water, and heat.5.3 Variation in results may be expected when operat
22、ingconditions are varied within the accepted limits of this testmethod. Its intended use is as a qualitative assessment of thepresence of ultraviolet inhibitors, and comparison of thatinfluence between products. However, no inference to the timeof stability should be implied by the test results to t
23、he relationbetween time duration and outdoor exposure.NOTE 2Information on sources of variability and on strategies foraddressing variability in the design, execution, and data analysis oflaboratory-accelerated exposure tests is found in Guide G141.5.3.1 If it becomes necessary for the purchaser and
24、 seller touse this test method for acceptance testing, the statistical bias,if any, between the purchasers and sellers laboratories shouldbe determined. Such comparison is based on specimens ran-domly drawn from the sample of geotextile being evaluated.5.3.2 In such cases, at a minimum, the two part
25、ies shouldtake a group of test specimens which are as homogeneous aspossible, and which are from a lot of material of the type inquestion. The test specimens should then be randomly assignedin equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The averageresults from the two laboratories should be compar
26、ed usingStudents t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probabilitylevel chosen by the two parties before the testing started. If abias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, orthe purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret futuretest results in the light of the known bi
27、as.6. Apparatus6.1 Xenon Arc Apparatus, with daylight filters conformingto Practices G151 and G155.NOTE 3Previous versions of this standard referenced Practice G26,which describes specific equipment designs of xenon arc devices. PracticeG26 has been replaced by Practice G151, which gives performance
28、criteria for all devices that use laboratory light sources, plus PracticeG155, which gives requirements for exposure of nonmetallic materials inxenon arc devices.6.1.1 The apparatus must be capable of exposing the speci-mens to cycles of light only, followed by light and moisture aswater spray.6.2 S
29、trength Testing Apparatus, conforming to that de-scribed for a 2-in. cut or ravel strip test, as described in TestMethod D5035.7. Sampling7.1 Lot SampleAs a lot sample for acceptance testing, takeat random the number of rolls of fabric directed in anapplicable material specification or other agreeme
30、nt betweenthe purchaser and the supplier. Consider rolls of fabric to be theprimary sampling units. If the specification requires samplingduring manufacture, select the rolls for the lot sample atuniformly spaced time intervals throughout the productionperiod.NOTE 4An adequate specification, or othe
31、r agreement between thepurchaser and the supplier, requires taking into account the variabilitybetween rolls of fabric and between specimens from a swatch from a rollof fabric, so as to provide a sampling plan with a meaningful producersrisk, consumers risk, acceptable quality level, and limiting qu
32、ality level.7.2 Laboratory SampleTake for the laboratory sample asample extending the full width of the fabric of sufficientlength along the selvage from each sample roll such that therequirements of 8.1 are met. The sample shall exclude materialfrom the outer wrap of the roll or the inner wrap arou
33、nd thecore, unless the sample is taken at the production site, at whichpoint inner and outer wrap material may be used.8. Specimen Preparation8.1 Take two 1-m2portions from the laboratory sample.Each shall be no closer to the selvage than one-tenth the samplewidth. One is to be used for machine dire
34、ction specimens, theother for cross-machine direction specimens.NOTE 5Since the thickness of a specimen may markedly affect testresults, thickness of the replicate specimens shall be within 610 % of thenominal dimensions. This is especially important when mechanicalproperties are being investigated.
35、8.2 Use the template illustrated in Fig. 1 to identify potentialspecimens from which the actual specimens are drawn. Toselect these actual specimens, randomly draw 20 specimensfrom both the machine and cross directions measuring 50 by150 mm 2 by 6 in. from the 1-m2portions of each laboratorysample,
36、as directed in Practice D1898.NOTE 6In the event that roller grips are used to hold the specimens inthe tensile testing machine, specimens must be longer than the 150-mmlength specified. They shall be of sufficient length to ensure propergripping. The portions of the specimens may be rolled to accom
37、modateplacement in the weathering device. See Figs. 2 and 3 for placement ofspecimens in a weathering device. Please note that the rolled portions ofthe specimens shall be protected from exposure to the radiation while ina weathering device.4Simms, J. A., Journal of Coatings Technology, Vol 50, 1987
38、, pp. 4553.D4355/D4355M 14 (2018)29. Procedure9.1 Operate the xenon arc test apparatus as directed inPractices G151 and G155. Expose test specimens to thefollowing cycle: 90 min of light only at 65 6 3C149 6 5 F uninsulated black panel temperature and50 6 10 % relative humidity, followed by 30 min o
39、f light andwater spray.NOTE 7Immersion in water during exposure to light is one of themethods specified in Practices G151 and G155 for providing moisture tospecimens. It can be substituted for water spray if equivalency isdemonstrated, or the geotextile will be immersed in water in its finalinstalla
40、tion.NOTE 8The 6 values are the maximum allowed operational fluctua-tions about the set points. If the operational fluctuations are greater thanthe maximum allowable after the equipment is stabilized, discontinue thetest and correct the cause of the problem before continuing.9.1.1 Unless otherwise s
41、pecified, set the level of irradianceat the control point to produce 0.35 W/(m2nm) at 340 nmmaintained at 0.02 W/(m2nm). If the exposure device is notequipped with irradiance control, follow the device manufac-turers recommendations to produce this irradiance. For theequivalent 300 to 400 nm or 300
42、to 800 nm broad bandirradiances and tolerances, consult the manufacturer for thespecification.NOTE 9Practice G155 does not specify a particular irradiance level.Various options are listed in Table X3.1 of the appendix in Practice G155.However, as the historical records of testing of geotextiles are
43、based on theirradiance of 0.35 W/m2/nm at 340 nm, this shall be the standard for TestMethod D4355/D4355M.9.2 Randomly assign five specimens for each direction fromeach laboratory sample to each of the following exposuretimes: 0 (unexposed), 150, 300, and 500 clock hours. Place 15specimens from each
44、direction from each laboratory sample inthe apparatus, such that the side most likely to solar radiationwill be exposed to radiation in the apparatus.9.3 Rotate the positions of the specimens in accordance withPractice G155.9.4 At the end of each exposure time, remove the appropri-ate five specimens
45、 for each direction for cut or ravel striptensile testing.NOTE 10Specimens should not be removed from the exposureapparatus for more than 24 h and then returned for additional test, sincethis does not produce the same results on some materials as tests runwithout this type of interruption. Report th
46、e elapsed time for anyspecimens for which exposure was interrupted for more than 24 h.9.5 Determine the breaking strength in kilonewtons permetre pounds-force per inch of five unexposed (control)specimens and five exposed specimens from each exposuretime interval, for each direction, from each labor
47、atory sample,as directed in Test Method D5035 using a 2-in. width strip,except, a CRE or a CRT-type testing machine shall be operatedat 305 6 10 mm 12 612 in. unless specified otherwise. Thedistance between clamps shall be 75 6 1mm36 0.05 in.There may be no overall correlation between the resultsobt
48、ained with the CRE machine and the CRT machine.Consequently, these two breaking load testers cannot be usedinterchangeably. In case of controversy, the CRE method shallprevail.10. Calculation10.1 Calculate the average breaking strength for all exposedand unexposed (control) specimens for each direct
49、ion.10.2 Calculate the percent loss of strength from the unex-posed specimens for the average results of each exposure timefor each direction.10.3 For the groups of five specimens from the unexposedspecimens and the specimens exposed at various times, calcu-late the standard deviation and coefficient of variation for thestrip tensile strength.11. Report11.1 The test report shall include the following information:11.1.1 That the tests were made as directed in Test MethodD4355/D4355M.11.1.2 A full description of the specimens and their origin.11.1.
