1、Designation: D 4195 88 (Reapproved 2003)Standard Guide forWater Analysis for Reverse Osmosis Application1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4195; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last r
2、evision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers the analyses that should be performedon any given water sample if reverse osmosis application isbeing con
3、sidered.1.2 This guide is applicable to waters including brackishwaters and seawaters but is not necessarily applicable to wastewaters.1.3 This is a guide only and should not be construed as adelineation of all ions known to exist in waters.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesaf
4、ety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:D 511 Test Methods for Calcium a
5、nd Magnesium in Water2D 512 Test Methods for Chloride Ion in Water2D 513 Test Methods for Total and Dissolved Carbon Diox-ide in Water2D 515 Test Methods for Phosphorus in Water3D 516 Test Method for Sulfate Ion in Water2D 857 Test Method for Aluminum in Water2D 858 Test Methods for Manganese in Wat
6、er2D 859 Test Method for Silica in Water2D 888 Test Methods for Dissolved Oxygen in Water2D 1068 Test Methods for Iron in Water2D 1129 Terminology Relating to Water2D 1179 Test Methods for Fluoride Ion in Water2D 1253 Test Methods for Residual Chlorine in Water2D 1293 Test Methods for pH of Water2D
7、1428 Test Methods for Sodium and Potassium in Waterand Water-Formed Deposits by Flame Photometry(Method A)4D 1888 Test Methods for Particulate and Dissolved Matterin Water4D 1889 Test Methods for Turbidity of Water2D 2579 Test Method for Total and Organic Carbon inWater5D 3352 Test Method for Stront
8、ium Ion in Brackish Water,Seawater, and Brines6D 3370 Practices for Sampling Water from Closed Con-duits2D 3561 Test Method for Lithium, Potassium, and SodiumIons in Brackish Water, Seawater, and Brines by AtomicAbsorption Spectrophotometry6D 3867 Test Methods for Nitrite-Nitrate in Water2D 4189 Tes
9、t Method for Silt Density Index (SDI) of Water2D 4194 Test Methods for Operating Characteristics ofReverse Osmosis and Nanofiltration Devices6D 4382 Test Method for Barium in Water, Atomic Absorp-tion Spectrophotometry, Graphite Furnace22.2 American Public Health Association:Standard Methods for the
10、 Examination of Water andWastewater, Sixteenth Edition, 1985, pp. 470478, Part427, Sulfite73. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this guide, refer toTerminology D 1129.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 For description of terms relating to reverse
11、 osmosis,refer to Test Method D 4194.1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D19 on Water, and isthe direct responsibility of Subcommittee D 19.08 on Membranes and Ion ExchangeMaterials.Current edition approved June 10, 2003. Published August 2003. Originallyapproved in 1982. Last pr
12、evious edition approved in 1998 as D 4195 88(1998).2Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.01.3Discontinued. See 1996 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.01.4Discontinued. See 1989 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.01.5Discontinued. See 2001 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.01.6Annual Book
13、 of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.02.7American Public Health Associatin, 1015 Fifteenth St., N.W., Washington, DC20005.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.4. Summary of Guide4.1 This guide consists of analyzing water samples for
14、 ions,gases, suspended material, and organics, as well as measuringthe pH and temperature of the water.5. Significance and Use5.1 The performance of reverse osmosis membranes isstrongly influenced by the composition of the feed solution.Overall salt rejection is dependent upon the ratio of monova-le
15、nt to polyvalent ions as well as the sum total of ions present.The permeate flow rate of reverse osmosis devices is alsodependent upon the sum total of the ions present and theoperating temperature, pressure, and recovery rate. Analysesand measurements performed in this guide will provide vitaldata
16、for salt rejection and permeate flow projections of reverseosmosis systems for specific feedwaters.5.2 The recovery at which a reverse osmosis system can besafely operated is dependent upon the composition of the feedsolution. The analyses and measurements performed inthisguide will provide data for
17、 the calculation of the maximumrecovery of a reverse osmosis system for a given feed solution.5.3 The analyses and measurements performed in this guidewill be of great assistance in determining the pretreatmentrequirements for a reverse osmosis system on a given feedwa-ter.6. Procedure6.1 Collect a
18、sample of the water to be tested in accordancewith Practices D 3370.6.2 Determine the concentration of:Calcium (Ca) Manganese (Mn) (to-tal and dissolved)Carbonate (CO3=)Magnesium (Mg) Iron (Fe) (total, dis-solved, and ferrous)Nitrate (NO3)Sodium (Na) Potassium (K) Fluoride (F)Strontium (Sr) Bicarbon
19、ate (HCO3) Phosphate (PO4) (to-tal)Barium (Ba) Sulfate (SO4=) Silica (SiO2) (total anddissolved)Aluminum (Al) (totaland dissolved)Chloride (Cl) Total dissolvedsolids (TDS)in accordance with the documents referenced in Section 2 ofthis guide. The results may be expressed as (a) mg/L as the ion;(b) mg
20、/L as calcium carbonate; or (c) meq/L as the ion.NOTE 1If the analysis is complete, the total cations and total anions(expressed as mg/L calcium carbonate or meq/L as the ion) should balancewithin 5 %. That is:total cations# 2 total anions#!/total cations#! 3 100,65%NOTE 2ASTM methods for aluminum,
21、iron, manganese, and nitratemay not be applicable for seawater.6.3 Determine the organic carbon content of the water usingMethod D 2579.6.4 Determine the concentration of:Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) (see 2.2) Oxygen (O2)Free chlorine (Cl2) Carbon dioxide (CO2)in accordance with the documents referenced i
22、n Section 2 ofthis guide. Express the results as mg/L.6.5 Measure the pH, temperature, turbidity, and silt densityindex in accordance with the ASTM standards referenced inSection 2 of this guide.6.5.1 Turbidity should be obtained by the nephelometricmethod.6.5.2 Temperature, pH, and silt density ind
23、ex should bemeasured on-site at the time the sample is collected.7. Precision and Bias7.1 The precision and bias of this guide are a function ofeach individual analysis and are given where applicable in thedocuments that are referenced.8. Keywords8.1 reverse osmosis; water analysisASTM International
24、 takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their ow
25、n responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be ad
26、dressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, a
27、t the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).D 4195 88 (2003)2
