1、Designation: D4175 17a1Standard Terminology Relating toPetroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4175; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last rev
2、ision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1NOTETerms were transferred and updated editorially,
3、 including a reorganization that created a new subsection 2.2(Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Symbols), in October 2017.1. Scope*1.1 This terminology standard covers the compilation ofterminology developed by Committee D02 on PetroleumProducts, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants, except that it does notinclu
4、de terms/definitions specific only to the standards inwhich they appear.1.1.1 The terminology, mostly definitions, is unique topetroleum, petroleum products, lubricants, and certain productsfrom biomass and chemical synthesis. Meanings of the sameterms outside of applications to petroleum, petroleum
5、 products,and lubricants can be found in other compilations and indictionaries of general usage.1.1.2 The terms/definitions exist in two places: (1) in thestandards in which they appear and (2) in this compilation.1.2 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally reco
6、gnized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Terminology2.1 Alphabetical listing of terms with definition
7、s for eachterm showing attributions as to source and subcommitteejurisdiction is in bold print following the definition. Thoseshowing no attributes are under the jurisdiction of Subcommit-tee CS 95. Acronyms, abbreviations, and symbols are listedseparately in 2.2, following the defined terms.abrasiv
8、e wear, nwear due to hard particles or hard protu-berances forced against and moving along a solid surface.D02.B0 D4998; D02.L0 D5182absorbance, nlogarithm to the base 10 of the ratio of thereciprocal of the transmittance. D02.03 D7740absorbance, (A), nthe molecular property of a substance thatdeter
9、mines its ability to take up radiant energy, expressed by:A 5 log101T! 52log10T! (1)where T is the transmittance.DISCUSSIONAbsorbance expresses the excess absorption over thatof a specified reference or standard. It is implied that compensation hasbeen affected for reflectance losses, solvent absorp
10、tion losses, andrefractive effects, if present, and that attenuation by scattering is smallcompared with attenuation by absorption. D02.14 D7996absorbance, A, nthe molecular property of a substance thatdetermines its ability to take up radiant power, expressed by:A 5 log101/T! 52log10Twhere T is the
11、 transmittance.DISCUSSIONAbsorbance expresses the excess absorption over thatof a specified reference or standard. It is implied that compensation hasbeen affected for reflectance losses, solvent absorption losses, andrefractive effects, if present, and that attenuation by scattering is smallcompare
12、d with attenuation by absorption. D02.04 D2008absorptivity, a, nthe specific property of a substance toabsorb radiant power per unit sample concentration and pathlength, expressed by:a 5 Af/bcwhere:A = the absorbance,f = the dilution factor,b = sample cell path length, andc = the quantity of absorbi
13、ng substance contained in avolume of solvent.D02.04 D2008acceptance limit (AL), na numerical value that defines thepoint between acceptable and unacceptable quality.DISCUSSIONThe AL is not necessarily the specification limit. It is avalue that takes into account the specification limit, the test met
14、hodprecision, and the desired probability of product acceptance if thequality is at the specification limit.D02.94 D3244accepted reference value (ARV), nvalue that serves as anagreed-upon reference for comparison and that is derived as1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02
15、 onPetroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D02.95 on Terminology.Current edition approved July 15, 2017. Published August 2017. Originallyapproved in 1983. Last previous edition approved in 2017 as D4175 17. DOI:10.1520/D4175-17AE01.*A Summary
16、 of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in
17、 the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1(1) a theoretical or established value, based on scientificprinciples, (2) an assigned value, based on experimenta
18、lwork of some national or international organization, such asthe U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology(NIST), or (3) a consensus value, based on collaborativeexperimental work under the auspices of a scientific orengineering group. D02.94 D6792DISCUSSIONIn the context of this test meth
19、od, accepted referencevalue is understood to apply to the ignition delay of specific referencematerials determined under reproducibility conditions by collaborativeexperimental work. D02.01 D6890DISCUSSIONIn the context of this method, accepted reference valueis understood to apply to the ignition d
20、elay of specific referencematerials determined under reproducibility conditions by collaborativeexperimental work. D02.01 D7170DISCUSSIONIn the context of this test method, accepted referencevalue is understood to apply to the Motor octane number of specificreference materials determined empirically
21、 under reproducibility con-ditions by the National Exchange Group or another recognized ex-change testing organization. D02.01 D2700DISCUSSIONIn the context of this test method, accepted referencevalue is understood to apply to the Research octane number of specificreference materials determined emp
22、irically under reproducibility con-ditions by the National Exchange Group or another recognized ex-change testing organization. D02.01 D2699DISCUSSIONIn the context of this test method, accepted referencevalue is understood to apply to the Supercharge and octane numberratings of specific reference m
23、aterials determined empirically underreproducibility conditions by the National Exchange Group or anotherrecognized exchange testing organization. D02.01 D909DISCUSSIONIn the context of this test method, accepted referencevalue is understood to apply to standard fuel or check fuel averageresearch or
24、 motor octane numbers determined under reproducibilityconditions by a recognized exchange testing organization having aminimum of 16 participants. D02.01 D2885accommodation cracks, n(also referred to as Mrozowski-like cracks) cracks and voids formed between basal planesand at domain interfaces throu
25、ghout the graphite microstruc-ture from thermal contraction of the graphite duringcarbonization/graphitization (sometimes referred to as calci-nation cracks), from chemical decomposition of the liquidcrystal hydrocarbon precursor in graphite manufacture (alsoreferred to as calcination cracks) and fo
26、llowing cooling aftergraphitization (manufacture). In irradiated graphite, theyalso comprise cracks arising from anisotropic responses toirradiation. D02.F0 D8075accuracy, nthe closeness of agreement between an observedvalue and an accepted reference value.D02.94 D7372accuracy, nthe closeness of agr
27、eement between a test resultand an accepted reference value. D02.94 D6792acid number, nthe quantity of a specified base, expressed inmilligrams of potassium hydroxide per gram of sample,required to titrate a sample in a specified solvent to aspecified endpoint using a specified detection system.DISC
28、USSIONIn this test method, acids or salts with dissociationconstants greater than 109, are titrated to a green end point withp-naphtholbenzein indicator. D02.06 D3339DISCUSSIONIn this test method, the acid number is calculated fromthe number of drops required to produce a change in solution colorfro
29、m blue-green to orange, compared to the number of drops requiredto produce an identical color change using a reference standard.Because this is a direct comparison method, the acid number value canbe reported in milligrams of potassium hydroxide per gram of sample.D02.06 D5770DISCUSSIONIn this test
30、method, the indicator is p-naphtholbenzeintitrated to a green/green-brown end point in a toluene-water-isopropanol solvent. D02.06 D974DISCUSSIONThis test method expresses the quantity of base asmilligrams of potassium hydroxide per gram of sample, that is requiredto titrate a sample in a mixture of
31、 toluene and propan-2-ol to which asmall amount of water has been added from its initial meter reading inmillivolts to a meter reading in millivolts corresponding to an aqueousbasic buffer solution or a well-defined inflection point as specified inthe test method. D02.06 D664DISCUSSIONThis test meth
32、od provides additional information. Thequantity of base, expressed as milligrams of potassium hydroxide pergram of sample, required to titrate a sample in the solvent from itsinitial meter reading in millivolts to a meter reading in millivoltscorresponding to a freshly prepared aqueous acidic buffer
33、 solution or awell-defined inflection point as specified in the test method shall bereported as the strong acid number. D02.06 D664DISCUSSIONThe causes and effects of the so-called strong acids andthe causes and effects of the other acids can be very significantlydifferent. Therefore, the user of th
34、is test method shall differentiate andreport the two, when they are found. D02.06 D664acidity, nthe quality, state or degree of being acid.DISCUSSIONIn this test method, the criterion for acidity is a pink orred color when methyl orange indicator is used. D02.06 D1093across (or against) grain, ndire
35、ction in a body with pre-ferred orientation due to forming stresses that has themaximum c-axis alignment as measured in an X-ray diffrac-tion test. D02.F0 C709activated sludge, nthe precipitated solid matter, consistingmainly of bacteria and other aquatic microorganisms, that isproduced in a domesti
36、c wastewater treatment plant; acti-vated sludge is used primarily in secondary sewage treat-ment to microbially oxidized dissolved organic matter in theeffluent. D02.12 D6139activation energy (Ea)measure of temperature effects on therate of oxidation in the kinetic, or chemical control, regime.Activ
37、ation energy is calculated from theArrhenius equation:OR 5 Zexp2Ea/RT!where:OR = oxidation rate,R = 8.314 J mole-1K-1is the universal gas constant,T = absolute temperature (in Kelvin), andZ = pre-exponential factor.The activation energy and pre-exponential factor are calcu-lated from linearized form
38、 of Arrhenius equation, that is, fromthe slope and intercept of the linear plot of the logarithm ofoxidation rate versus the inverse of absolute temperature (1/T):D4175 17a12log10OR! 5 log10Z 2 Ea/2.303 RT!Activation energy is expressed in units of kJ/mol. Pre-exponential factor is expressed in the
39、same units as the oxi-dation rates, namely g h-1m-2(for Zacalculated from area-normalized oxidation rates, ORa)orgg-1h-1(for Zwcalculated from weight-normalized oxidation rates, ORw).D02.F0 D7542active grease-sampling device, ndevice designed to take anactive sample of a lubricating grease from a be
40、aring, gear, ordrive shaft located in a grease-lubricated component.D02.G0 D7718active sampling, vto use a sampling device to activelygather an in-service lubricating grease sample from a grease-lubricated component. D02.G0 D7718actuate, vto hold the interior cylinder of the active grease-sampling d
41、evice while pushing the exterior cylinder forwardtoward the grease-lubricated component that is beingsampled allowing lubricating grease to fill the samplingdevice. D02.G0 D7718acute ecotoxicity, nthe propensity of a material to produceadverse behavioral, biochemical, or physiological effects innon-
42、human organisms or populations in a short period oftime, usually not constituting a substantial portion of the lifespan of the organism. D02.N0 D6046acute toxicity test, na comparative toxicity test in which arepresentative subpopulation of organisms is exposed todifferent treat rates of a test mate
43、rial and is observed for ashort period usually not constituting a substantial portion oftheir life span. D02.12 D6081additive, nin aviation gasoline, substance added to a baseaviation gasoline in relatively small amounts that eitherenables that base aviation gasoline to meet the applicablespecificat
44、ion properties or does not alter the applicablespecification properties of that base aviation gasoline beyondallowable limits. D02.J0 D7826additive, nin fuel oils, a substance added to fuel oil at a blendlevel not greater than 1 % by volume of the finished fuel.DISCUSSIONAdditives are generally incl
45、uded in finished fuel oil toenhance performance properties (for example, stability, pour point, andso forth)DISCUSSIONAdditives that contain hydrocarbon oil blended withother substances may exclude the hydrocarbon oil portion for determi-nation of the volume percent of the finished fuel.DISCUSSIONTr
46、iglycerides (for example, vegetable oils, animal fats,greases, and so forth) have been found to cause fouling of fuel oilburning equipment, and triglycerides are therefore not allowed asadditives or components of additives. D02.E0 D396DISCUSSIONAdditives are generally included in finished fuel oil t
47、oenhance performance properties (for example, cetane number, lubricity,cold flow, etc.). D02.E0 D975adenosine monophosphate, nmolecule formed by the re-moval of two (2) molecules of phosphate (one pyrophos-phate molecule) from ATP. D02.14 D7463adenosine triphosphate, nmolecule comprised of a purinea
48、nd three phosphate groups, that serves as the primaryenergy transport molecule in all biological cells.D02.14 D7463adhesive wear (scuffing), nwear due to localized bondingbetween contacting solid surfaces leading to material trans-fer between the two surfaces or loss from either surface.D02.L0 D5182
49、adiabaticity, nthe condition in which there is no significantgain or loss of heat throughout the length of the column.DISCUSSIONWhen distilling a mixture of compounds as is the caseof crude petroleum, there will be a normal increase in reflux ratio downthe column. In the case where heat losses occur in the column, theinternal reflux is abnormally greater than the reflux in the head. Theopposite is true when the column gains heat, as with an overheatedm
