1、Designation: D4175 16aD4175 16bStandard Terminology Relating toPetroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4175; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of
2、last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This terminology standard cover
3、s the compilation of terminology developed by Committee D02 on Petroleum Products,Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants, except that it does not include terms/definitions specific only to the standards in which they appear.1.1.1 The terminology, mostly definitions, is unique to petroleum, petroleum products,
4、 lubricants, and certain products frombiomass and chemical synthesis. Meanings of the same terms outside of applications to petroleum, petroleum products, andlubricants can be found in other compilations and in dictionaries of general usage.1.1.2 The terms/definitions exist in two places: (1) in the
5、 standards in which they appear and (2) in this compilation.2. Terminology2.1 Alphabetical listing of terms with definitions for each term showing attributions as to source and subcommittee jurisdictionis in bold print following the definition. Those showing no attributes are under the jurisdiction
6、of Subcommittee CS 95. Someabbreviations, acronyms, and symbols are included in the list.3-MPA, n3-methylphenylamine D02.J0 D6812AAS, natomic absorption spectrometry, an analytical technique for measuring metal content of solutions, based on a combinationof flame source, hollow cathode lamp, photomu
7、ltiplier, and a readout device. D02.03 D7876abrasion, nwear due to hard particles or hard protuberances forced against and moving along a solid surface.D02.B0 D4998abrasive wearwear due to hard particles or hard protuberances forced against and moving along a solid surface. D02.L0D5182absolute filtr
8、ation rating, nthe diameter of the largest hard spherical particle that will pass through a filter under specified testconditions. This is an indication of the largest opening in the filter element. D02.N0 D4174absorbance, nlogarithm to the base 10 of the ratio of the reciprocal of the transmittance
9、. D02.03 D7740absorbance, A,nthe molecular property of a substance that determines its ability to take up radiant power, expressed by:A 5log10 1/T!52log10Twhere T is the transmittance.DISCUSSIONAbsorbance expresses the excess absorption over that of a specified reference or standard. It is implied t
10、hat compensation has been affected forreflectance losses, solvent absorption losses, and refractive effects, if present, and that attenuation by scattering is small compared with attenuation byabsorption. D02.04 D2008absorptivity, a,nthe specific property of a substance to absorb radiant power per u
11、nit sample concentration and path length,expressed by:1 This terminology is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.95 on Terminology.Current edition approved July 1, 2016July 15, 2016. Publis
12、hed August 2016. Originally approved in 1983. Last previous edition approved in 2016 asD4175 16.D4175 16a. DOI: 10.1520/D4175-16A.10.1520/D4175-16B.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the p
13、revious version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of
14、Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1a 5Af/bcwhere:A = the absorbance,f = the dilution factor,b = sample cell path length, andc = the quantity of absorbing substance contai
15、ned in a volume of solvent.D02.04 D2008acceptance limit (AL), na numerical value that defines the point between acceptable and unacceptable quality.DISCUSSIONThe AL is not necessarily the specification limit. It is the value that takes into account the specification value, the test method precision,
16、 and theconfidence level desired for defining minimum acceptable quality relative to the specification value.D02.94 D3244accepted reference value (ARV), nvalue that serves as an agreed-upon reference for comparison and that is derived as (1) atheoretical or established value, based on scientific pri
17、nciples, (2) an assigned value, based on experimental work of somenational or international organization, such as the U.S. National Institute of Standards andTechnology (NIST), or (3) a consensusvalue, based on collaborative experimental work under the auspices of a scientific or engineering group.D
18、ISCUSSIONIn the context of this test method, accepted reference value is understood to apply to the ignition delay of specific reference materials determined underreproducibility conditions by collaborative experimental work. D02.01 D6890, D02.94 D6299, D6792DISCUSSIONIn the context of this test met
19、hod, accepted reference value is understood to apply to the Research octane number of specific reference materialsdetermined empirically under reproducibility conditions by the National Exchange Group or another recognized exchange testing organization.D02.01 D2699, D2700DISCUSSIONIn the context of
20、this method, accepted reference value is understood to apply to the ignition delay of specific reference materials determined underreproducibility conditions by collaborative experimental work. D02.01 D7170DISCUSSIONIn the context of this test method, accepted reference value is understood to apply
21、to the Supercharge and octane number ratings of specific referencematerials determined empirically under reproducibility conditions by the National Exchange Group or another recognized exchange testingorganization. D02.01 D909accepted reference value (ARV), na value that serves as an agreed-upon ref
22、erence for comparison, and which is derived as:(1) a theoretical or established value, based on scientific principles, (2) an assigned or certified value, based on experimentalwork of some national or international organization, or (3) a consensus or certified value, based on collaborative experimen
23、talwork under the auspices of a scientific or engineering group. D02.25 D3764; D02.01 D613accuracy, nthe closeness of agreement between a test result and an accepted reference value. D02.94 D6792accuracy, nthe closeness of agreement between an observed value and an accepted reference value.D02.94 D6
24、299, D7372acid number, nthe quantity of a specified base, expressed in milligrams of potassium hydroxide per gram of sample, requiredto titrate a sample in a specified solvent to a specified endpoint using a specified detection system.DISCUSSIONIn this test method, acids or salts with dissociation c
25、onstants greater than 109, are titrated to a green end point with p-naphtholbenzein indicator.D02.06 D3339D4175 16b2DISCUSSIONIn this test method, the acid number is calculated from the number of drops required to produce a change in solution color from blue-green to orange,compared to the number of
26、 drops required to produce an identical color change using a reference standard. Because this is a direct comparison method,the acid number value can be reported in milligrams of potassium hydroxide per gram of sample. D02.06 D5770DISCUSSIONIn this test method, the indicator is p-naphtholbenzein tit
27、rated to a green/green-brown end point in a toluene-water-isopropanol solvent. D02.06D974DISCUSSIONThis test method expresses the quantity of base as milligrams of potassium hydroxide per gram of sample, that is required to titrate a sample in amixture of toluene and propan-2-ol to which a small amo
28、unt of water has been added from its initial meter reading in millivolts to a meter readingin millivolts corresponding to an aqueous basic buffer solution or a well-defined inflection point as specified in the test method. D02.06 D664DISCUSSIONThis test method provides additional information. The qu
29、antity of base, expressed as milligrams of potassium hydroxide per gram of sample, requiredto titrate a sample in the solvent from its initial meter reading in millivolts to a meter reading in millivolts corresponding to a freshly prepared aqueousacidic buffer solution or a well-defined inflection p
30、oint as specified in the test method shall be reported as the strong acid number. D02.06 D664DISCUSSIONThe causes and effects of the so-called strong acids and the causes and effects of the other acids can be very significantly different. Therefore, the userof this test method shall differentiate an
31、d report the two, when they are found. D02.06 D664acidity, nthe quality, state or degree of being acid.DISCUSSIONIn this test method, the criterion for acidity is a pink or red color when methyl orange indicator is used. D02.06 D1093across (or against) grain, ndirection in a body with preferred orie
32、ntation due to forming stresses that has the maximum c-axisalignment as measured in an X-ray diffraction test. D02.F0 C709activated sludge, nthe precipitated solid matter, consisting mainly of bacteria and other aquatic microorganisms, that is producedin a domestic wastewater treatment plant; activa
33、ted sludge is used primarily in secondary sewage treatment to microbiallyoxidized dissolved organic matter in the effluent. D02.12 D6139activation energy (Ea)measure of temperature effects on the rate of oxidation in the kinetic, or chemical control, regime.Activation energy is calculated from the A
34、rrhenius equation:OR5Zexp2Ea/RT!where:OR = oxidation rate,R = 8.314 J mole-1 K-1 is the universal gas constant,T = absolute temperature (in Kelvin), andZ = pre-exponential factor.The activation energy and pre-exponential factor are calculated from linearized form of Arrhenius equation, that is, from
35、 theslope and intercept of the linear plot of the logarithm of oxidation rate versus the inverse of absolute temperature (1/T):log10 OR!5log10 Z 2Ea/2.303 RT!Activation energy is expressed in units of kJ/mol. Pre-exponential factor is expressed in the same units as the oxidation rates,namely g h-1 m
36、-2 (for Za calculated from area-normalized oxidation rates, ORa) or g g-1 h-1 (for Zw calculated from weight-normalized oxidation rates, ORw). D02.F0 D7542active grease-sampling device, ndevice designed to take an active sample of a lubricating grease from a bearing, gear, or driveshaft located in a
37、 grease-lubricated component. D02.G0 D7718active sampling, vto use a sampling device to actively gather an in-service lubricating grease sample from a grease-lubricatedcomponent. D02.G0 D7718D4175 16b3actuate, vto hold the interior cylinder of the active grease-sampling device while pushing the exte
38、rior cylinder forward towardthe grease-lubricated component that is being sampled allowing lubricating grease to fill the sampling device. D02.G0 D7718acute ecotoxicity, nthe propensity of a material to produce adverse behavioral, biochemical, or physiological effects innon-human organisms or popula
39、tions in a short period of time, usually not constituting a substantial portion of the life span ofthe organism. D02.N0 D6046acute ecotoxicity, nthe propensity of a test material to produce adverse behavioral, biochemical or physiological effects innon-human organisms or populations in a short perio
40、d, usually not constituting a substantial portion of the life span. D02.12D6384acute ecotoxicity test, na comparative ecotoxicity test in which a representative subpopulation of organisms is exposed todifferent treat rates of a test material and is observed for a short period, usually not constituti
41、ng a substantial portion of theirlife span. D02.12 D6384acute toxicity test, na comparative toxicity test in which a representative subpopulation of organisms is exposed to different treatrates of a test material and is observed for a short period usually not constituting a substantial portion of th
42、eir life span. D02.12D6081additive, na material added to another, usually in small amounts, to impart or enhance desirable properties or to suppressundesirable properties. D02.B0 D5862additive, nsubstance added to a base aviation gasoline in relatively small amounts that either enables that base avi
43、ation gasolineto meet the applicable specification properties or does not alter the applicable specification properties of that base aviationgasoline beyond allowable limits. D02.J0 D7826adenosine monophosphate, nmolecule formed by the removal of two (2) molecules of phosphate (one pyrophosphate mol
44、ecule)from ATP. D02.14 D7463adenosine triphosphate, nmolecule comprised of a purine and three phosphate groups, that serves as the primary energytransport molecule in all biological cells.D02.14 D7463adherent insolubles (formerly adherent gum), nmaterial that is produced in the course of stressing d
45、istillate fuel under theconditions of this test and which adheres to the glassware after fuel has been flushed from the system. D02.14 D7462adhesive wear(scuffing), nwear due to localized bonding between contacting solid surfaces leading to material transfer betweenthe two surfaces or loss from eith
46、er surface. D02.L0 D5182adiabaticity, nthe condition in which there is no significant gain or loss of heat throughout the length of the column.DISCUSSIONWhen distilling a mixture of compounds as is the case of crude petroleum, there will be a normal increase in reflux ratio down the column. In the c
47、asewhere heat losses occur in the column, the internal reflux is abnormally greater than the reflux in the head. The opposite is true when the column gainsheat, as with an overheated mantle. D02.08 D2892adjustment, noperation of bringing the portable digital density meter to a state of performance s
48、uitable for its use, by settingor adjusting the instrument constants.D02.04 D7777aerobe, nan organism that requires oxygen to remain metabolically active.DISCUSSIONAerobes use oxygen as their terminal electron acceptor in their primary energy-generating metabolic pathways. Aerobes require oxygen for
49、 survival,using aerobic metabolic processes to generate energy for growth and survival. D02.14 D6469aerobic, adj(1) taking place in the presence of oxygen; (2) living or active in the presence of oxygen.D02.N0 D6006, D6046AETabbreviation for atmospheric equivalent temperature.agglomerate, nin manufactured carbon and graphite product technology, composite particle containing a number of grains.D02.F0 C709D4175 16b4aggressiveness in
