1、Designation: D 4167 97 (Reapproved 2002)An American National StandardStandard Specification forFiber-Reinforced Plastic Fans and Blowers1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4167; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case
2、 of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope *1.1 This spe
3、cification covers centrifugal and axial fans andblowers with airstream components fabricated of fiber-reinforced thermoset plastics (FRP) for corrosion resistance.Internal structures may include encapsulated metal fasteningdevices, hubs, and shafts.1.2 Reinforcing materials other than fibrous glass
4、may beused in the fabrication, provided the fans and blowers producedmeet all the requirements of this specification.1.3 The term “fans” as used in this specification includesfans and blowers, both centrifugal and axial.1.4 The purpose of this specification is to provide users,system designers, spec
5、ifiers, and manufacturers of FRP fanswith minimum standards for fan construction and a commonbasis for determining safe operating speeds.1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard. The values given in parentheses are providedfor information only.NOTE 1There is no sim
6、ilar or equivalent ISO standard.NOTE 2Appendix X2 contains a list of documents that may be ofinterest to designers of fan systems.1.6 This standard does not puport to address all of the safetyconcerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish
7、 appropriate safety andhelath practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:C 582 Specification for Contact-Molded Reinforced, Ther-mosetting Plastic (RTP) Laminates for Corrosion ResistantEquipment2D 883 Terminology Relatin
8、g to Plastics3D 2563 Practice for Classifying Visual Defects in Glass-Reinforced Plastic Laminate Parts42.2 Other Standards:AMCA Bulletin 210 Laboratory Methods of Testing Fansfor Rating Purposes5ANSI S2.19 Balance Quality of Rotating Rigid Bodies63. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsThe definitions of term
9、s used in this speci-fication are the same as those found in Terminology D 883.4. Construction of Fan Housings4.1 Laminate Construction shall conform to SpecificationC 582. The same resin shall be used throughout a housingunless the user and manufacturer agree to use a different resinfor the inner s
10、urface and interior layer than for the structurallayer.4.1.1 The inner surface exposed to the chemical environ-ment shall be a resin-rich layer 0.010 to 0.020 in. (0.25 to 0.5mm) thick reinforced with a suitable chemical-resistant glass-fiber surface mat or with an organic-fiber surface mat.4.1.2 Th
11、e inner surface layer shall be followed with aninterior layer composed of resin reinforced only with noncon-tinuous glass-fiber strands applied in a minimum of two pliesof chopped-strand mat equivalent to a total of 3 oz/ft2(0.92kg/m2). As an alternative, a minimum of two passes of choppedroving of
12、minimum length of 0.5 in. (13 mm) to a maximumlength of 2.0 in. (50.8 mm) shall be applied uniformly to anequivalent weight of 3 oz/ft2(0.92 kg/m2). Each ply of mat orpass of chopped roving shall be well rolled prior to theapplication of additional reinforcement. The combined thick-ness of the inner
13、 surface and interior layer shall not be less than0.10 in. (2.5 mm).4.1.3 The structural layer comprises the balance of thehousing laminate.NOTE 3Although fan housings are subject to vibrational stresses, thedesign considerations regarding construction of the laminate are similar tothose used for st
14、atic FRP process system components.1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 onPlastics, and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.23 on ReinforcedPlastic Piping Systems and Chemical Equipment.Current edition approved Nov. 10, 2002. Published March 2003. Original
15、lyapproved in 1982. Last previous edition approved in 1997 as D 4167 97.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.04.3Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.01.4Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.02.5Available from Air Movement and Control Association, 30 West University Dr.,Arlington Heights, IL 600
16、04.6Available from American National Standards Institute, 25 W. 43rd St., 4thFloor, New York, NY 10036.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.4.2 Fastening De
17、vices, such as bolts, shall be made ofmaterial the user and manufacturer agree is at least ascorrosion-resistant to the specified corrosive environment as isthe laminate construction, or shall be embedded in a laminatein such a way that the laminate covering the device isreinforced with at least two
18、 layers of 112 oz/ft2(4.57 g/m2)chopped-strand glass mat and with the same surface finish usedin the housing laminate.4.3 Gasketing, used where housings are constructed so thatsections or inspection panels are removable, shall be ofelastomeric material sufficiently resilient to seal the sections.The
19、 gasketing shall be of material the user and manufactureragree is suitable for the corrosive environment.4.4 Housings, shall have minimum inside corner radii of 0.6in. (15 mm).4.5 Suitable housing construction design shall be deter-mined by running the fan at maximum-rated speed with theinlet blocke
20、d tight and with an open outlet. The design will bedeemed acceptable if the test does not cause any part of thehousing to move more than a distance equal to12 of1%ofthewheel diameter from the position with the fan not running.4.6 Where the user determines that system design is suchthat liquid may co
21、llect in housings, the fan housings shall bespecified with drains.5. Construction of Fan Wheels5.1 Where a history of service acceptable to the manufac-turer and the user shows that resin systems and joint designsselected for use in the construction of fan wheels are accept-able, destruction tests n
22、eed not be run. Where acceptablehistory does not exist, destruction tests shall be performed inaccordance with Section 10.5.2 Defects visible in fan wheels shall be limited to thoseshown in Table 1 (taken from Practice D 2563 and modified forspecific use with fan wheels).5.3 Metal hubs, fasteners, a
23、nd shafts shall be made ofmaterial at least as corrosion-resistant to the specified corrosiveenvironment as is the laminate construction, or be encapsulatedwith a laminate reinforced with at least two layers of 112oz/ft2(45.7 g/m2) chopped-strand mat with the same surfacefinish that is used in the l
24、aminate.5.4 Shafts not made of corrosion-resistant alloy shall beprotected by a sleeve of FRP extending out through the fanhousing a minimum of 0.4 in. (10 mm) (see Section 7).5.5 Additives that obscure visual inspection shall be usedonly in the final surface coat(s) for the purpose of enhancingcorr
25、osion resistance or preventing the buildup of static elec-tricity, or both.5.6 Acceptable surface treatments include the following:resin coating without reinforcement; resin coating with rein-forcement, such as glass flakes, graphite, or surface veil; orresin coating reinforced with other materials
26、agreed upon bythe fabricator and user. Resins that exhibit air inhibition shallbe paraffinated for use in the final coat.6. Spark-Resistant Construction6.1 Fans built in accordance with this specification will bespark-resistant, providing the outer surface of the wheel andthe inner surface of the ho
27、using are rendered electrostaticallyconductive (Note 4). To be considered acceptably conductive,the surface resistivity between all points of the airstreamsurface and ground must be no more than 1 MV when testedwith an insulation resistance tester.7NOTE 4The user must electrically ground all fan par
28、ts in order tomaintain spark resistance.7. Shaft-Hole Closures7.1 Gas flow may be into or out of the shaft holes of the fanhousing, depending on pressure distribution in the system andtype of fan wheel. The shaft-hole closure shall be one of thefollowing types, as specified by the user:NOTE 5The use
29、r should determine the importance of restricting gasflow through the shaft holes before selecting the type of closure required.7.1.1 Shaft encapsulated with an FRP sleeve to at least 0.4in. (10 mm) outside the fan housing, with the shaft hole nolarger than the sleeve diameter plus 0.08 in. (2 mm). (
30、Anacceptable alternative is to mount a membrane onto thehousing to maintain the 0.08-in. maximum space).7.1.2 Lubricated lip seals or stuffing boxes must ride onsmooth metal shafts or shaft sleeves, necessitating the use ofshafts or shaft sleeves made of material selected to withstandthe corrosive e
31、nvironment.8. Balancing and Test Running8.1 The fan manufacturer shall perform one of the followingmethods of checking balance of wheel/shaft assemblies andcomplete fans:8.1.1 Dynamically balance the wheel/shaft assembly as aunit in accordance with ANSI S2.19, Grade 6.3. For example:At 1000 rpm the
32、maximum total residual unbalance of bothplanes is not to exceed 0.002 lbin./lb (0.05 gmm/g) of the totalassembly weight.8.1.2 Run the assembled fan and balance in such a way thatthe peak-to-peak vibration measured horizontally at the pillowblocks perpendicular to the axis of the shaft will not excee
33、d thefollowing:8.1.2.1 2.5 mils (0.06 mm) up to 600 rpm,8.1.2.2 2.0 mils (0.05 mm) up to 900 rpm,8.1.2.3 1.5 mils (0.04 mm) up to 1200 rpm,8.1.2.4 1.0 mils (0.025 mm) up to 1800 rpm,8.1.2.5 0.6 mils (0.015 mm) up to 3000 rpm, and8.1.2.6 0.5 mils (0.013 mm) above 3000 rpm.8.2 Balance correction shall
34、 be accomplished by one ormore of the following methods:8.2.1 Removal of FRP built onto the wheel for this purpose.8.2.2 Addition of FRP so that it becomes homogeneous withthe wheel by proper surface preparation (normally by grindingaway the surface to expose structural fibers) and laminating thenec
35、essary weight on so that it blends into the wheel withoutabrupt changes of contour.8.2.3 Application of metal weights, where the weights andnecessary fasteners are compatible with the corrosive environ-ment.7Available from Amprobe Instrument, Division of Core Industries Inc., 630Merrick Rd., Lynbroo
36、k, NY 11563 and from Yokogawa Corp. of America, 2 DartRd., Shenandoah Industrial Park, Newnan, GA 30265-1094.D 4167 97 (2002)28.2.4 Application of metal weights and fasteners covered byat least two layers of 112 oz/ft2(45.7 g/m2) chopped-strandglass mat with the same surface finish that is used in t
37、helaminate.8.3 In all cases, FRP exposed as in 8.2.1 or applied as in8.2.2 and 8.2.4, shall be given the same surface treatment aswas used in constructing the wheel.9. Fan Aerodynamic Rating and Testing9.1 Fans shall be tested and rated in accordance with AMCABulletin 210.10. Safe Operating Speed10.
38、1 The variables of cross sections, reinforcement content,resin characteristics, and bonding strength limit the applicabil-ity of methods such as the use of strain gages, the use of brittlelacquer, and the calculation of wheel stresses. Where a historyof service, acceptable to the manufacturer and us
39、er, shows thatresin systems and joint designs selected for use in the construc-tion of fan wheels are acceptable, destruction tests need not berun. Where a history of service, acceptable to the manufacturerand user, is not available, representative wheels shall be testedto destruction to determine a
40、ctual failure speeds (see 5.1).Application of a safety factor defines safe operating speed (see10.1.4).TABLE 1 Allowable Defects in the Construction of FRP Fan Wheels (adapted from Practice D 2563)Type of Defect Definition Degree AllowedChip A small piece broken off an edge or surface None permitted
41、Crack An actual separation of the laminate, visible on opposite surfaces, and extending through thethicknessNone permittedCrack, surface Crack existing only on the surface of the laminate None permittedCrazing Fine cracks at or under the surface of a laminate None permittedDelamination, edge Separat
42、ion of the layers of material at the edge of a laminate None permittedDelamination, internal Separation of the layers of material in a laminate None permittedDry spot Area of incomplete surface film where the reinforcement has not been wetted with resin 0.4-in. (10-mm) diameter and1/ft2(12/m2)Foreig
43、n inclusion(metallic)Metallic particles included in a laminate that are foreign to its composition 0.04-in. (1-mm) diameter and1/ft2(12/m2)Foreign inclusion(nonmetallic)Nonmetallic particles of substance included in a laminate that seem foreign to its composition 0.04-in. (1-mm) diameter and1/ft2(12
44、/m2)Fracture Rupture of laminate surface without complete penetration None permittedAir bubble (void) Air entrapment within and between the plies of reinforcement, usually spherical in shape 0.04-in. (1-mm) diameter and200/ft2(2000/m2)Blister Rounded elevation of the surface of a laminate, with boun
45、daries that may be more or lesssharply defined, somewhat resembling in shape a blister on the human skinNone permittedBurned Showing evidence of thermal decomposition through some discoloration, distortion, or destruc-tion of the surface of the laminateNone permittedFish-eye Small globular mass that
46、 has not blended completely into the surrounding material and isparticularly evident in a transparent or translucent materialNone permittedLack of fillout An area, occurring usually at the edge of a laminated plastic, where the reinforcement has notbeen wetted with resinNone permittedOrange peel Une
47、ven surface somewhat resembling an orange peel None permittedPimple Small, sharp, or conical elevation on the surface of a laminate None permittedPit (pinhole) Small crater in the surface of a laminate, with its width approximately of the same order ofmagnitude as its depth0.02 in. (0.5 mm) and 200/
48、ft2(2000/m2)Porosity (pinhole) Presence of numerous visible pits (pinholes) None permittedPre-gel An unintentional extra layer of cured resin on part of the surface of the laminate. (This conditiondoes not cover gel coats.)None permittedResin pocket An apparent accumulation of excess resin in a smal
49、l localized area within the laminate 0.125 by 0.250-in. (3 by 6mm) and 1/ft2(12/m2)Resin-rich edge Insufficient reinforcing material at the edge of molded laminate None permittedShrink mark (sink) Depression in the surface of a molded laminate where it has retracted from the mold None permittedWash Area where the reinforcement of molded plastic has moved inadvertently during closure of themold resulting in resin-rich areasNone permittedWormhole Elongated air entrapment that is either on or near the surface of a laminate and may becovered by a thin film of cured resinNone per
