1、Designation: D 4043 96 (Reapproved 2004)Standard Guide forSelection of Aquifer Test Method in Determining HydraulicProperties by Well Techniques1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4043; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in
2、the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers an integral part of a series ofstandards that are being prepared
3、on the in situ determinationof hydraulic properties of aquifer systems by single- ormultiple-well tests. This guide provides guidance for develop-ment of a conceptual model of a field site and selection of ananalytical test method for determination of hydraulic proper-ties. This guide does not estab
4、lish a fixed procedure fordetermination of hydrologic properties.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard.1.3 LimitationsWell techniques have limitations in thedetermination of hydraulic properties of ground-water flowsystems. These limitations are related primarily to the sim
5、pli-fying assumptions that are implicit in each test method. Theresponse of an aquifer system to stress is not unique; therefore,the system must be known sufficiently to select the properanalytical method.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated wit
6、h its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This guide offers an organized collection of informationor a series of options and does not recommend a sp
7、ecificcourse of action. This document cannot replace education orexperience and should be used in conjunction with professionaljudgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in allcircumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to repre-sent or replace the standard of care by which the
8、adequacy ofa given professional service must be judged, nor should thisdocument be applied without consideration of a projects manyunique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of thisdocument means only that the document has been approvedthrough the ASTM consensus process.2. Referenced Documents
9、2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD 4044 Test Method for (Field Procedure) for InstantaneousChange in Head (Slug) Tests for Determining HydraulicProperties of AquifersD 4050 Test Method (Field Procedure) for Withdrawal andInjection Well Tests for Determ
10、ining Hydraulic Propertiesof Aquifer SystemsD 4104 Test Method (Analytical Procedure) for Determin-ing Transmissivity of Nonleaky Confined Aquifers byOverdamped Well Response to Instantaneous Change inHead (Slug Tests)D 4105 Test Method (Analytical Procedure) for Determin-ing Transmissivity and Stor
11、age Coefficient of NonleakyConfined Aquifers by the Modified Theis NonequilibriumMethodD 4106 Test Method (Analytical Procedure) for Determin-ing Transmissivity and Storage Coefficient of NonleakyConfined Aquifers by the Theis Nonequilibrium MethodD 4630 Test Method for Determining Transmissivity an
12、dStorage Coefficient of Low-Permeability Rocks by In SituMeasurements Using the Constant Head Injection TestD 4631 Test Method for Determining Transmissivity andStorativity of Low Permeability Rocks by In Situ Mea-surements Using the Pressure Pulse TechniqueD 5269 Test Method for Determining Transmi
13、ssivity ofNonleaky Confined Aquifers by the Theis RecoveryMethodD 5270 Test Method for Determining Transmissivity andStorage Coefficient of Bounded, Nonleaky, Confined Aqui-fersD 5472 Test Method for Determining Specific Capacity andEstimating Transmissivity at the Control Well1This guide is under t
14、he jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rockand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.21 on Ground Water andVadose Zone Investigations.Current edition approved July 1, 2004. Published July 2004. Originally approvedin 1991. Last previous edition approved in 1996 as D 4043 96e1.2F
15、or referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C7
16、00, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.D 5473 Test Method for (Analytical Procedure for) Analyz-ing the Effects of Partial Penetration of Control Well andDetermining the Horizontal and Vertical Hydraulic Con-ductivity in a Nonleaky Confined AquiferD 5716 Test Method for Measuring the Ra
17、te of Well Dis-charge by Circular Orifice WeirD 5785 Test Method for (Analytical Procedure) for Deter-mining Transmissivity of Confined Nonleaky Aquifers byUnderdamped Well Response to Instantaneous Change inHead (Slug Test)D 5786 Practice for (Field Procedure) for Constant Draw-down Tests in Flowin
18、g Wells for Determining HydraulicProperties of Aquifer SystemsD 5850 Test Method for (Analytical Procedure) Determin-ing Transmissivity, Storage Coefficient, and AnisotropyRatio from a Network of Partially Penetrating WellsD 5881 Test Method for (Analytical Procedure) Determin-ing Transmissivity of
19、Confined Nonleaky Aquifers byCritically Damped Well Response to InstantaneousChange in Head (Slug)D 5912 Test Method for (Analytical Procedure) Determin-ing Hydraulic Conductivity of an Unconfined Aquifer byOverdamped Well Response to Instantaneous Change inHead (Slug)D 5920 Test Method (Analytical
20、Procedure) for Tests ofAnisotropic Unconfined Aquifers by the Neuman Method3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 aquifer, confinedan aquifer bounded above andbelow by confining beds and in which the static head is abovethe top of the aquifer.3.1.2 aquifer, unconfinedan aquifer that has a water table.3
21、.1.3 barometric effciencythe ratio of the change in depthto water in a well to the change in barometric pressure,expressed in length of water.3.1.4 conceptual modela simplified representation of thehydrogeologic setting and the response of the flow system tostress.3.1.5 confining beda hydrogeologic
22、unit of less perme-able material bounding one or more aquifers.3.1.6 control wellwell by which the aquifer is stressed, forexample, by pumping, injection, or change of head.3.1.7 hydraulic conductivity (field aquifer tests)the vol-ume of water at the existing kinematic viscosity that will movein a u
23、nit time under unit hydraulic gradient through a unit areameasured at right angles to the direction of flow.3.1.8 observation wella well open to all or part of anaquifer.3.1.9 piezometera device used to measure static head at apoint in the subsurface.3.1.10 specific capacitythe rate of discharge fro
24、m a welldivided by the drawdown of the water level within the well ata specific time since pumping started.3.1.11 specific storagethe volume of water released fromor taken into storage per unit volume of the porous medium perunit change in head.3.1.12 specific yieldthe ratio of the volume of water t
25、hatthe saturated rock or soil will yield by gravity to the volume ofthe rock or soil. In the field, specific yield is generallydetermined by tests of unconfined aquifers and represents thechange that occurs in the volume of water in storage per unitarea of unconfined aquifer as the result of a unit
26、change inhead. Such a change in storage is produced by the draining orfilling of pore space and is, therefore, mainly dependent onparticle size, rate of change of the water table, and time ofdrainage.3.1.13 storage coeffcientthe volume of water an aquiferreleases from or takes into storage per unit
27、surface area of theaquifer per unit change in head. For a confined aquifer, thestorage coefficient is equal to the product of specific storageand aquifer thickness. For an unconfined aquifer, the storagecoefficient is approximately equal to the specific yield.3.1.14 transmissivitythe volume of water
28、 at the existingkinematic viscosity that will move in a unit time under a unithydraulic gradient through a unit width of the aquifer.3.2 For definitions of other terms used in this guide, seeTerminology D 653.4. Significance and Use4.1 An aquifer test method is a controlled field experimentmade to d
29、etermine the approximate hydraulic properties ofwater-bearing material. The hydraulic properties that can bedetermined are specific to the test method. The hydraulicproperties that can be determined are also dependent upon theinstrumentation of the field test, the knowledge of the aquifersystem at t
30、he field site, and conformance of the hydrogeologicconditions at the field site to the assumptions of the testmethod. Hydraulic conductivity and storage coefficient of theaquifer are the basic properties determined by most testmethods. Test methods can be designed also to determinevertical and horiz
31、ontal anisotropy, aquifer discontinuities, ver-tical hydraulic conductivity of confining beds, well efficiency,turbulent flow, and specific storage and vertical permeability ofconfining beds.5. Procedure5.1 The procedure for selection of an aquifer test method ormethods is primarily based on selecti
32、on of a test method that iscompatible with the hydrogeology of the proposed test site.Secondarily, the test method is selected on the basis of thetesting conditions specified by the test method, such as themethod of stressing or causing water-level changes in theaquifer and the requirements of a tes
33、t method for observationsof water level response in the aquifer. The decision tree inTable 1 is designed to assist, first, in selecting test methodsapplicable to specific hydrogeologic site characteristics. Sec-ondly, the decision tree will assist in selecting a test method onthe basis of the nature
34、 of the stress on the aquifer imposed bythe control well. The decision tree references the sections inthis guide where the test methods are cited.5.2 Pretest-Selection ProceduresAquifer test methods arehighly specific to the assumptions of the analytical solution ofthe test method. Reliability of de
35、termination of hydraulicproperties depends upon conformance of the hydrologic sitecharacteristics to the assumptions of the test method. Aprerequisite for selecting an aquifer test method is knowledgeD 4043 96 (2004)2of the hydrogeology of the test site. A conceptual understand-ing of the hydrogeolo
36、gy of the aquifer system at the prospec-tive test site should be gained in as much detail as possiblefrom existing literature and data, and a site reconnaissance. Indeveloping a site characterization, incorporate geologic map-ping, drillers logs, geophysical logs, records of existing wells,TABLE 1 D
37、ecision Tree for Selection of Aquifer Test MethodD 4043 96 (2004)3water-level and water-quality data, and results of geophysicalsurveys. Include information on the thickness, lithology, strati-fication, depth, attitude, continuity, and extent of the aquiferand confining beds.5.3 Select Applicable Aq
38、uifer Test MethodsSelect a testmethod based on conformation of the site hydrogeology toassumptions of the test model and the parameters to bedetermined. A summary of principal aquifer test methods andtheir applicability to hydrogeologic site conditions is given inthe following paragraphs. The decisi
39、on tree for aquifer testselection, Table 1, provides a graphic display of the hydrogeo-logic site conditions for each test method and references to thesection where each test method is cited.5.3.1 Extensive, Isotropic, Homogeneous, Confined, Non-leaky Aquifer:5.3.1.1 Constant DischargeTest method in
40、 which thedischarge or injection rate in the control well is constant aregiven by the nonequilibrium method of Theis (1)3for thedrawdown and recovery phases. The Theis test method is themost widely referenced and applied aquifer test method and isthe basis for the solution to other more complicated
41、boundarycondition problems. The Theis test method for the pumping orinjection phase is given in Test Method D 4106. Cooper andJacob (2) and Jacob (3) recognized that for large values of timeand small values of distance from the control well, the Theissolution yields a straight line on semilogarithmi
42、c plots ofvarious combinations of drawdown and distance from thecontrol well. The solution of the Theis equation can thereforebe simplified by the use of semilogarithmic plots. The modifiedTheis nonequilibrium test method is given in Test MethodD 4105. A test method for estimating transmissivity fro
43、mspecific capacity by the Theis method is given in Test MethodD 5472.5.3.1.2 Variable DischargeTest methods for a variablydischarging control well have been presented by Stallman (5)and Moench (6) and Birsoy and Summers (4). These testmethods simulate pumpage as a sequence of constant-ratestepped ch
44、anges in discharge. The test methods utilize theprinciple of superposition in constructing type curves bysumming the effects of successive changes in discharge. Thetype curves may be derived for control wells discharging fromextensive, leaky, and nonleaky confined aquifers or any situa-tion where th
45、e response to a unit stress is known. Hantush (7)developed drawdown functions for three types of decreases incontrol-well discharge. Abu-Zied and Scott (8) presented ageneral solution for drawdown in an extensive confined aquiferin which the discharge of the control well decreases at anexponential r
46、ate. Aron and Scott (9) proposed an approximatetest method of determining transmissivity and storage from anaquifer test in which discharge decreases with time during theearly part of the test. Lai et al (10) presented test methods fordetermining the drawdown in an aquifer taking into accountstorage
47、 in the control well and having an exponentially andlinearly decreasing discharge.5.3.1.3 Constant DrawdownTest methods have been pre-sented to determine hydraulic-head distribution around a dis-charging well in a confined aquifer with near constant draw-down. Such conditions are most commonly achie
48、ved byshutting in a flowing well long enough for the head to fullyrecover, then opening the well. The solutions of Jacob andLohman (11) and Hantush (7) apply to aerially extensive,nonleaky aquifers. Rushton and Rathod (12) used a numericalmodel to analyze aquifer-test data. Reed (13) presents acompu
49、ter program that includes some of the above proceduresand also includes discharge as a fifth-degree polynomial oftime.5.3.1.4 Slug Test MethodsTest methods for estimatingtransmissivity by injecting a given quantity or slug of waterinto a well were introduced by Hvorslev (14) and Ferris andKnowles (15). Solutions to overdamped well response to slugtests have also been presented by Cooper et al (16). Thesolution presented by Cooper et al (16) is given in Test MethodD 4104. Solutions for slug tests in wells that exhibit oscillatorywater-level fluctuations caus
