1、Designation: D3888 071Standard Terminology forYarn Spinning Systems1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3888; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indic
2、ates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTEThis terminology was updated editorially with terms from Subcommittee D13.58 standards in September 2011.1. Scope1.1 This terminology covers terms related to ring, rotor
3、, andair jet yarn spinning systems.1.1.1 This standard formerly only included terminologyrelated to open-end spinning. It has been expanded to includeterms relating to ring and air jet spinning systems.1.1.2 While the term rotor spinning is technically correct,the terms rotor and open-end are used i
4、nterchangeably in thetextile industry.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory li
5、mitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD861 Practice for Use of the Tex System to DesignateLinear Density of Fibers, Yarn Intermediates, and YarnsD1244 Practice for Designation of Yarn ConstructionD2255 Test Method for Grading SpunYarns
6、 forAppearanceD2260 Tables of Conversion Factors and Equivalent YarnNumbers Measured in Various Numbering SystemsD3888 Terminology for Yarn Spinning SystemsD3990 Terminology Relating to Fabric Defects3. Significance and Use3.1 Terminology D3888 was originally developed as aterminology standard for r
7、otor spinning when it evolved as anew yarn spinning technology in the 1980s. Ring spinningproduction had been the traditional spinning since the early1800s when hand spinning became mechanized. Rotor spin-ning and other spinning technologies increased yarn productionrates and formed yarns by differe
8、nt mechanical means thatgenerated yarns with characteristics unlike traditional ring-spun yarns. The revision of this document is intended tocompile terminology for current yarn spinning systems intoone standard rather than individual standards, in that all yarnformation is generated by processing r
9、aw fiber into a spun yarnby using common preparation steps, such as opening, cleaning,carding, roving formation, and sometimes combing. Terminol-ogy in this standard is grouped by the type of spinning systemand in chronological order of their development and productionusage. It should be noted that
10、the higher end of yarn numberranges cited with each spinning system are possible but are rarein actual production.4. Terminology4.1 Ring SpinningRing spinning is the oldest spinningsystem in use, therefore ring-spun yarns are the basis forcomparing yarns produced from other spinning systems. Pro-duc
11、tion rates are low when compared to new spinning systems.The production delivery capability of ring spinning is limitedby traveler velocity and the twist limits of the yarn numberbeing made; the speed may range between 10 and 20 m/min.Ring spinning allows for the production of the widest range ofyar
12、n numbers from 200 to 2 tex (Nec3/1 to 300/1). Ring-spunyarns are produced by drafting rovings between pairs of rollers,twisting the drafted roving by passing it under a traveler thatrotates around a fixed ring on the frame of the spinningmachine, and winding the twisted strand on a removablebobbin
13、mounted on a rotating spindle. Ring spun yarns arecharacterized by a uniform fiber orientation around the yarnaxis. See Fig. 1.bobbin, na slightly tapered plastic cylinder, mounted on aspindle of a ring spinning frame on which yarn producedfrom drafting and twisting is wound.DISCUSSIONYarn from seve
14、ral ring frame bobbins is wound onto acone or cheese to create a larger package from which it can be easilyunwound for use in weaving, knitting, or other processes.1This terminology is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 on Textilesand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.58 on Y
15、arns and Fibers.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2007. Published January 2008. Originallyapproved in 1980. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as D3888 95 (2001).DOI: 10.1520/D3888-07E01.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at servi
16、ceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.carding, va mechanical preparation, utilized by staple f
17、iberspinning systems, that cleans, straightens, and aligns fibersusing wire-covered rolls (or cylinders) that converts fibersinto a sliver.carded yarn, nan organized, continuous strand of staplefibers produced by carding, drawing, roving formation, andspinning. (Compare with combed yarn.)combing, va
18、n optional mechanical preparation process un-dertaken to remove additional trash particles, neps, and shortfibers (typically fibers less than 12.5 mm or 0.5 in.) fromcarded sliver to further align the remaining bed yarn, nan organized, continuous strand of staplefibers produced by carding, roving, d
19、rawing, formation,combing, and spinning. (Compare with carded yarn.)DISCUSSIONCombed yarns of the same yarn number, produced onthe same spinning system are, generally, stronger, more uniform withfewer imperfections, and have greater luster than carded pact spinning, na modified ring-spinning process
20、 thatalters the geometry of the spinning twist triangle to producea more uniform structure by binding fibers into the body ofthe yarn. See Fig. 2.DISCUSSIONYarns produced from compact ring spinning exhibitreduced hairiness (see Fig. 3) and produce higher strength thanconventional ring spun yarns in
21、the same yarn number.drafting, vthe process of attenuating a web, sliver or rovingof staple fiber to increase its length per unit mass.DISCUSSIONDrafting is generally attained by passing a web, sliveror roving between pairs of rollers (or a combination of pairs of rollerswith aprons), operating at d
22、iffering speeds.drafting zone, nthe location on a spinning, draw, and rovingframe where pairs of rollers, or cylinders, rotating atdiffering speeds, control the number of fibers per cross-section of the yarn.ring spinning machine, na machine that converts roving ofstaple fiber (produced from carded
23、or combed sliver) intospun yarn by drafting, twisting, and winding onto a remov-able bobbin. (Syn. ring-spinning frame.) See Fig. 4.roving, nthe intermediate product between sliver and spin-ning that is a loose assembly of fibers drawn into a singlestrand that has very little twist.scratch-combed ya
24、rns, nthe process of combining comberand carded sliver to produce a continuous yarn strand ofstaple fibers.DISCUSSIONYarns produced from scratch combing do not have thefull spectrum of attributes (length uniformity, evenness, luster) ofcompletely combed sliver in a yarn strand.sliver, na continuous
25、strand of loosely assembled fibers,approximately uniform in cross-section and without twist,produced by a card, draw frame, or comber.spindle, na slender, tapered rod, placed in a vertical positionon a ring-spinning frame that rotates at a high rate speedaround its axis and on which a bobbin is moun
26、ted.traveler, na C-shaped metal piece that rides on the ring of aspinning frame and guides the twisted yarn onto a bobbin.twist, nthe number of turns about the axis per unit of lengthin a yarn or other textile strand.4.2 Rotor SpinningRotor, or open-end, spinning is aproduction spinning technology t
27、hat can spin yarn at a rate ofup to ten times that of ring spinning. Rotor spinning productioncapability, typically utilized for coarser yarn number produc-tion, is dependant on rotor dimensions and nozzle configura-tion; its spinning speeds may range between 150 to 250 m/min.It does not require eit
28、her roving formation prior to spinning oran extra winding step after spinning. Its yarn number produc-tion range is 200 to 15 tex (Nec3/1 to 40/1). Rotor-spun yarnsare characterized by some degree of random fiber entangle-ments, called wraps, or wrappers, around the yarn axis. SeeFig. 5.carding, na
29、mechanical preparation, utilized by staple fiberspinning systems, that cleans, straightens, and aligns fibersusing wire-covered rolls (or cylinders) that converts fibersinto a sliver.collecting surface, nin the rotor of an open-end spinningmachine, that portion of the internal surface of the rotor,o
30、ften in the form of a groove, in which the fibers arecondensed for assembly into yarn.doffing tube, na component of an open-end spinning ma-chine which is an extension to the navel and is used to guidethe withdrawn yarn en route to the take-up rollers. (See alsonavel.)feed unit, nin an open-end spin
31、ning machine, the devicewhich presents the fiber feed stock to the opening roller byeither a feed roller and feed plate combination or interactingfeed rollers. (See opening device.)fiber channel, na component of an open-end spinningmachine through which the fibers are conveyed by an aircurrent from
32、the opening device to the rotor. (Syn. fibertransport tube.) (See also opening device.)DISCUSSIONDifferent navel designs will impact the physical prop-erties of rotor-spun yarns.navel, na component of an open-end spinning machinelocated on the axis of the rotor through which the yarn iswithdrawn fro
33、m the rotor and which modifies the twist of theyarn inside the rotor. (See doffing tube). D13.58D3888open-end spinning machine, na textile machine for con-verting staple fiber into spun yarn by a continuous process inwhich the individual fibers or groups of fibers are caused toassemble at the open e
34、nd of the forming yarn. (See rotor-type open-end spinning machine) D13.58D3888open-end yarn, nsee rotor-spun yarn.opening device, nin open-end spinning, either a draftingsystem or an opening roller which separates the feed stockinto individual fibers or very small tufts prior to theirreassembly into
35、 yarn.opening roller, na component of the opening device inopen-end spinning machines, a roller covered with pins orteeth or similar device used to separate the feed stock intoindividual fibers or very small tufts by a continuous combingaction. (Syn. combing roll.)package, nplastic, open cylinder on
36、to which rotor and air jetyarns are wound.rotor, nin open-end spinning machines, a device resemblinga centrifuge, in which fibers are assembled and in which, byD3888 0712virtue of its rotation, twist is inserted into the end of the yarnbeing formed.DISCUSSIONThe rotor separates fibers and incoming a
37、ir. The airdissipates through holes in the rotor or over the rim of the rotor into therotor housing where it is exhausted through an outlet duct.rotor, nin open-end spinning machines, a device resemblinga centrifuge, in which the fibers are assembled and in which,by virtue of its rotation, real twis
38、t is inserted in the formingyarn. D13.58D3888rotor groove, nthe collection slot inside the rotor cup on arotor-spinning machine where fibers are assembled.rotor-type open-end spinning machine, nan open-endspinning machine wherein the assembly of individual fibersand the insertion of real twist are a
39、ffected by a rotor. (Seealso open-end spinning machine.) D13.58D3888rotor-spinning machine, na machine that converts sliver ofstaple fiber, usually carded, into a spun yarn by a process inwhich fibers are opened and drawn by air suction into a rotorcup rotating at a high rate of speed, where they be
40、comeattached to a loose (open) end of yarn, exiting the rotor cup.(Syn. open-end spinning.) See Fig. 5.separator, na component of some open-end spinning ma-chines located inside the rotor that directs the incomingfibers to the slide surface.slide surface, nin the rotor of an open-end spinning ma-chi
41、ne, that part of the internal surface of the rotor on whichthe fibers are deposited and are caused to slide to thecollecting surface.take-up rollers, nin open-end spinning machines, a pair ofclosely set, continuously rotating cylinders which withdrawthe spun yarn from the rotor.thin place, na yarn d
42、efect characterized by a segment that issubstantially (at least 25 %) smaller in diameter than theaverage diameter of the yarn. (See also thick place.)D13.58 D2255,D3990trash-removal device, nin open-end spinning machines,asystem for removing impurities from the opened feed stockbefore the fibers ar
43、e conveyed to the rotor.winding system, nin open-end spinning machines, a devicewhich forms the yarn package.wrapper fibers, nin rotor-spun yarns, fiber entanglementscreated during yarn formation that surround the circumfer-ence of the yarn cross section in random sequence but are notpart of the twi
44、st helix.yarn package, ntubes, cones, and cheeses from which yarncan be unwound easily for use in weaving, knitting, or otherprocesses.4.3 Air-Jet SpinningAir-jet spinning, as with rotor spin-ning does not require either roving prior to spinning or windingafter spinning. The yarn production capabili
45、ty of this technol-ogy can be up to double that of rotor spinning and triple that ofring spinning; its spinning speed may range between 350 to450 m/min. Air jet yarn numbers range from 39 to 7 tex (Nec15/1 to 80/1). In air-jet spinning, sliver is drafted betweendrafting rollers, then pulled into an
46、orifice by suction by airflowthat creates a vortex. Similar to rotor-spun yarns, air-jet spunyarns also exhibit a random fiber configuration along theirlength but, unlike rotor-spun yarns, do not exhibit wrapperfibers around their axis. Newer air-jet spinning technologiesare called vortex spinning.a
47、ir-jet spinning machine, na machine that converts sliversof staple fibers into spun yarn using drafting rollers and avortex created by an airflow suction orifice. See Fig. 6.carding, na mechanical preparation, utilized by staple fiberspinning systems, that cleans, straightens, and aligns fibersusing
48、 wire-covered rolls (or cylinders) that converts fibersinto a sliver.delivery roller, nair-jet spinning frame component thatcontrols yarn tension from the front roll through the nozzlebox.drafting zone, nthe location on a spinning, draw, and rovingframe where pairs of rollers, or cylinders, rotating
49、 atdiffering speeds, control the number of fibers per cross-section of the yarn.N1air nozzle, nthe first nozzle that creates an air vortexthrough which the leading, free, surface fibers are twistedwhile trailing ends remain fixed under the front spinning roll.N2air nozzle, nthe second air nozzle that creates an airvortex in the opposite direction than the N1air nozzleresulting in a false twisting motion.nozzle box, nan air-jet spinning frame component whereparallel fibers are twisted and wrapp
