1、Designation: D 3884 01 (Reapproved 2007)Standard Guide forAbrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Rotary Platform,Double-Head Method)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3884; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of
2、 revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers the determination of the abrasionresistance of textile fabrics using the rot
3、ary platform, double-head tester (RPDH).NOTE 1Other procedures for measuring the abrasion resistance oftextile fabrics are given in Test Methods D 3885, D 3886, D 4158,D 4966, and AATCC 61.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard: the values in English units are provided as in
4、forma-tion only and are not exact equivalents.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regul
5、atory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD 1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing TextilesD 3885 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of TextileFabrics (Flexing and Abrasion Method)D 3886 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of
6、 TextileFabrics (Inflated Diaphragm Apparatus)D 4158 Guide for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics(Uniform Abrasion)D 4966 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of TextileFabrics (Martindale Abrasion Tester Method)D 5034 Test Method for Breaking Strength and Elongationof Textile Fabrics (Grab Test)
7、D 5035 Test Method for Breaking Force and Elongation ofTextile Fabrics (Strip Method)2.2 Other Documents:AATCC 93 Impeller Tumble Method33. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 abrasion, nthe wearing away of any part of amaterial by rubbing against another surface.3.1.2 abrasion cycle, nin abrasion test
8、ing, one or moremovements of the abradant across a material surface, or thematerial surface across the abradant, that permits a return to itsstarting position.3.1.2.1 DiscussionThe abrasion cycle is dependent on theprogrammed motions of the abrasion machine and the teststandard used. It may consist
9、of one back-and-forth unidirec-tional movement such as for the rotary platform test method, ora combination of both such as for the inflated diaphragm testmethod. For the oscillatory cylinder abrasion method, anabrasion cycle consists of one circular movement of thespecimen.3.1.3 breaking force, nth
10、e maximum force applied to amaterial carried to rupture. (Compare breaking point, breakingstrength).3.2 For definitions of other textile terms used in this testmethod, refer to Terminology D 123.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Aspecimen is abraded using rotary rubbing action undercontrolled conditions
11、of pressure and abrasive action. The testspecimen, mounted on a platform, turns on a vertical axis,against the sliding rotation of two abrading wheels. Oneabrading wheel rubs the specimen outward toward the periph-ery and the other, inward toward the center. The resultingabrasion marks form a patter
12、n of crossed arcs over an area ofapproximately 30 cm2. Resistance to abrasion is evaluated byvarious means which are described in Section 12.5. Significance and Use5.1 The measurement of the resistance to abrasion of textileand other materials is very complex. The resistance to abrasionis affected b
13、y many factors, such as the inherent mechanicalproperties of the fibers; the dimensions of the fibers; the1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textiles andis the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.60 on Fabric Test Methods,Specific.Current edition approved March 1, 2
14、007. Published April 2007. Originallyapproved in 1980. Discontinued January 2001 and reinstated as D 3884 01. Lastprevious edition approved in 2001 as D 3884 01.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book o
15、f ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists, P.O.Box 12215, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshoho
16、cken, PA 19428-2959, United States.structure of the yarns; the construction of the fabrics; and thetype, kind, and amount of finishing material added to the fibers,yarns, or fabric.5.2 The resistance to abrasion is also greatly affected by theconditions of the tests, such as the nature of abradant,
17、variableaction of the abradant over the area of specimen abraded, thetension of the specimen, the pressure between the specimenand abradant, and the dimensional changes in the specimens.5.3 Abrasion tests are all subject to variation due to changesin the abradant during specific tests. The abradant
18、mustaccordingly be discarded at frequent intervals or checkedperiodically against a standard. With disposable abradants, theabradant is used only once or discarded after limited use. Withpermanent abradants that use hardened metal or equivalentsurfaces, it is assumed that the abradant will not chang
19、eappreciably in a specific series of tests. Similar abradants usedin different laboratories will not change at the same rate, due todifferences in usage. Permanent abradants may also change dueto pick up of finishing or other material from test fabrics andmust accordingly be cleaned at frequent inte
20、rvals. The mea-surement of the relative amount of abrasion may also beaffected by the method of evaluation and may be influenced bythe judgment of the operator.5.4 The resistance of textile materials to abrasion as mea-sured on a testing machine in the laboratory is generally onlyone of several fact
21、ors contributing to wear performance ordurability as experienced in the actual use of the material.While “abrasion resistance” (often stated in terms of thenumber of cycles on a specified machine, using a specifiedtechnique to produce a specified degree or amount of abrasion)and “durability” (define
22、d as the ability to withstand deteriora-tion or wearing out in use, including the effects of abrasion) arefrequently related, the relationship varies with different enduses, and different factors may be necessary in any calculationof predicted durability from specific abrasion data. Laboratorytests
23、may be reliable as an indication of relative end-useperformance in cases where the difference in abrasion resis-tance of various materials is large, but they should not be reliedupon where differences in laboratory test findings are small. Ingeneral, they should not be relied upon for prediction of
24、actualwear-life in specific end uses unless there are data showing thespecific relationship between laboratory abrasion tests andactual wear in the intended end-use.5.5 These general observations apply to all types of fabrics,including woven, nonwoven, and knit apparel fabrics, house-hold fabrics, i
25、ndustrial fabrics, and floor coverings. It is notsurprising, therefore, to find that there are many different typesof abrasion testing machines, abradants, testing conditions,testing procedures, methods of evaluation of abrasion resis-tance and interpretation of results.5.6 All the test procedures a
26、nd instruments that have beendeveloped for abrasion resistance of fabrics may show a highdegree of variability in results obtained by different operatorsand in different laboratories, however, they represent theprocedures most widely used in the industry. Because there isa definite need for measurin
27、g the relative resistance to abra-sion, this is one of the several procedures that is useful to helpminimize the inherent variation in results that may occur.5.7 Before definite predictions of fabric usefulness can bedrawn from an abrasion test as made on the rotary platform,double-head (RPDH) abrad
28、er (Fig. 1), actual end-use trialsshould be conducted and related to the abrasion test. Differenttypes of wear (for example, wear on mens clothing at cuffs,crotch, etc.) may correspond to different ratings of the RPDHtest.5.8 In making a comparison of different fabrics (that is, ofdifferent fibers,
29、weights, etc.) the RPDH test will not alwaysreveal a difference known to exist when the fabrics are actuallyused. Therefore, end-use trials should be conducted in conjunc-tion with the RPDH abrasion test, at least as a guide for futuretesting of these fabrics.5.9 Uncontrolled manufacturing or finish
30、ing variations oc-curring within a fabric or within lots of the same style of fabriccan, however, be detected satisfactorily with the RPDH tester.5.10 Because of the conditions mentioned above, techni-cians frequently fail to get good agreement between resultsobtained on the same type of testing ins
31、trument both within andbetween laboratories, and the precision of these test methods isuncertain. This test method is accordingly not recommendedfor acceptance testing in contractual agreements betweenpurchaser and supplier because of the poor between-laboratoryprecision of the test method.5.11 If t
32、here are differences of practical significance be-tween reported test results for two laboratories (or more),comparative tests should be performed to determine if there isa statistical bias between them, using competent statisticalassistance. As a minimum, the test samples used are to be ashomogeneo
33、us as possible, drawn from the material from whichthe disparate test results were obtained, and randomly assignedin equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The test resultsfrom the two laboratories should be compared using a statis-tical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen pr
34、iorto the testing series. If bias is found, either its cause must beFIG. 1 Rotary Platform Double Head AbraderD 3884 01 (2007)2found and corrected, or future test results must be adjusted inconsideration of the known bias.6. Apparatus6.1 Rotary Platform, Double-Head (RPDH) Abrader (Fig.1),3comprised
35、 of a housing of compact design, a removableflat-circular specimen holder, a pair of pivoted arms to whichthe abrasive wheels are attached, a motor for rotating theplatform and specimen, a fan for cooling the motor, a vacuumnozzle and vacuum cleaner for removal of lint from specimen,and a counter fo
36、r indicating the revolutions of the specimenholder. The specimen holder should be mounted so as toproduce a circular surface travel of an essentially flat specimenin the plane of its surface.6.1.1 The abrasive wheels, which are attached to the freeend of the pivoted arms, rotate and have, when resti
37、ng on thespecimen, a peripheral engagement with the surface of thespecimen, the direction of travel of the periphery of the wheelsand of the specimen at the contacting portions being at acuteangles, and the angles of travel of one wheel periphery beingopposite to that of the other. Motion of the abr
38、asive wheels, inopposite directions, is provided by rotation of the specimen andthe associated friction therefrom.6.1.2 The abrasive wheels4are either rubber-based orvitrified-based. Both types of wheels are manufactured indifferent grades of abrasive quality. The wheels are leadbushed, 13 mm (0.5 i
39、n.) thick and approximately 50 mm (2 in.)in diameter. The wheels customarily used for testing textilesare the rubber-base, resilient type composed of abrasive grainscushioned in rubber; consequently, they are distorted duringoperation of the abrader. Accordingly, the wheels should bemounted as presc
40、ribed in 9.1 so as to compensate for thisdistortion.6.1.3 Vitrified-base wheels are the hard abrasive type. Theymay be cut with a diamond point to alter the roughness of thewheel, the stroke of cut determining the degree of grit. Theposition of these wheels is not critical, but it is recommendedthat
41、 they be set as prescribed in 9.1.6.2 The specimen holder is supported by an adapter that ismotor-driven and provides motion for the circular travel of thespecimen holder.6.2.1 Clamping rings are used to secure the specimen to thespecimen holder, one for use with lighter weight fabrics, and alarger
42、one for use with heavier-weight fabrics.6.3 The RPDH abrader is provided with a load adjustmentfor varying the load of the abrader wheels on the specimen. Thepivoted abrader arms without auxiliary weights or counterweights apply a load against the specimen of 250 g per wheel(exclusive of the mass of
43、 the wheel itself). The manufacturerprovides additional weights that can be used to increase theload to 500 or 1000 g, and a counterweight attachment that canbe used to reduce the load on the specimen to 125 g per wheel.6.4 Auxiliary ApparatusResurfacing disks, ofcarborundum-coated paper, are provid
44、ed for resurfacing ofrubber-base wheels.Astiff brush is provided for the removal ofloose particles from the surface of the wheels. (Compressed airis recommended for cleaning vitrified-base wheels.)6.5 Abrasion Wheel Resurfacing Device, for resurfacinguneven wheel wear.7. Sampling7.1 Take a lot sampl
45、e as directed in the applicable materialspecification, or as agreed upon by the purchaser and seller. Inthe absence of such a specification or other agreement, take alaboratory sample as directed in 7.1.1. Consider rolls or piecesof fabric to be the primary sampling unit.7.1.1 Take a laboratory samp
46、le that is the full width of thefabric and at least 50 cm (approximately 20 in.) long, fromeach roll or piece of fabric in the lot sample. The laboratorysample should be taken no closer than1m(1yd)from the endof each roll or piece of fabric.7.2 Sample shipments of garments as agreed upon bypurchaser
47、 and seller.8. Number and Preparation of Test Specimens8.1 If the number of specimens to be tested is not specifiedby a material specification or an agreement between purchaserand seller, test five specimens.8.1.1 If the number of specimens to be tested exceeds thenumber of laboratory samples, rando
48、mly select those labora-tory samples from which more than one test specimen will betaken. If not, test one specimen per laboratory sample.8.2 Take specimens from garment samples as agreed uponby all interested parties.8.3 Cut ten specimens approximately 15 cm (6 in.) square,five for abrasion tests a
49、nd five reserved for controls. For thefive specimens to be abraded, fold each one twice into a squareand using a die or shears, cut off the folded corner to form a6-mm (14-in.) diameter hole in the center of the specimen.8.3.1 For the widths 125 mm (5 in.) or more, take nospecimen closer than 25 mm (1 in.) from the selvage edge.8.3.2 For fabric widths less than 125 mm (5 m), use theentire width for specimens.8.3.3 Cut specimens representing a broad distribution di-agonally across the width of the laboratory sampling unit. Takelengthwise specimens from different positions ac
