1、Designation: D 3614 07Standard Guide forLaboratories Engaged in Sampling and Analysis ofAtmospheres and Emissions1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3614; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year
2、of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThe utilization of well tested and uniform laboratory practices is essential to the production ofreliable and defe
3、nsible environmental data whose validity can be demonstrated at a later date throughthe use of written field and laboratory records. This document is intended to provide general guidelinesfor the elements of laboratory practices that are considered to be basic to the performance oflaboratories that
4、provide services in the sampling and analysis of atmospheres and emissions. Thisdocument is intended to stimulate an awareness of good laboratory and field practices.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers criteria to be used by those respon-sible for the selection, evaluation, operation, and control oflabora
5、tory organizations engaged in sampling and analysis ofenvironmental atmospheres, including ambient, work space,and source emissions, as well as atmospheric depositionsamples. For details specific to stack gases, see PracticeD 7036, which covers administrative issues in full; severalspecifics in this
6、 guide regarding laboratory operations may yetbe helpful and do not overlap with Practice D 7036.1.2 This guide presents features of organizations, facilities,resources, and operations which by their selection and controlaffect the reliability and credibility of the data generated.1.3 This guide pre
7、sents the criteria for the selection andcontrol of the features listed in 1.2 so that acceptable perfor-mance may be attained and sustained. Also, this guide presentsrecommendations for the correction of unacceptable perfor-mance.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concern
8、s, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling an
9、d Analysis ofAtmospheresD 1357 Practice for Planning the Sampling of the AmbientAtmosphereD 3249 Practice for General Ambient Air Analyzer Proce-duresD 3670 Guide for Determination of Precision and Bias ofMethods of Committee D22D 7036 Practice for Competence of Air Emission TestingBodies3. Terminol
10、ogy3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this guide,see Terminology D 1356.3.2 Other terms are defined as follows:3.3 accrediting authoritya body that evaluates the capa-bility of a testing agency, or an inspection agency, or both, incertain specific fields of activity.3.4 agencyan organiz
11、ation or part of an organization,engaged in the activities of testing or inspection, or both.3.5 generic criteriacommon characteristics pertaining toorganization, human resources, material resources, and qualitysystems which provide a basis for assessing the qualificationsof testing or inspection ag
12、encies.1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on Air Qualityand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.01 on Quality Control.Current edition approved June 1, 2007. Published June 2007. Originallyapproved in 1977. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D 3614 - 97(20
13、02)e1.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, P
14、O Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.6 human resourcesthose elements of support or capa-bility that are provided by humans using their mental andphysical capabilities.3.7 inspectionthe process of measuring, examining, test-ing, gaging, or otherwise evaluating materials, prod
15、ucts, ser-vices, systems, or environments.3.8 organizational componenta portion of an organizationwith specific tasks and activities that constitutes a part of thetotal effort and accomplishment of the organization.3.9 qualitythe totality of features and characteristics of aproduct or service that b
16、ear on its ability to satisfy a givenneed.3.10 quality assurancea system of activities whose pur-pose is to provide assurance that the overall quality control jobis in fact being done effectively. The system involves acontinuing evaluation of the adequacy and effectiveness of theoverall quality cont
17、rol program (see quality control) with aview to having corrective measures initiated where necessary.For a specific product or service, this involves verifications,audits, and the evaluation of the quality factors that affect thespecification, production, inspection, and use of the product orservice
18、.3.11 quality controlthe overall system of activities whosepurpose is to provide a quality of product or service that meetsthe needs of users; also, the use of such a system. The aim ofquality control is to provide quality that is satisfactory, ad-equate, dependable, and economic. The overall system
19、 in-volves integrating the quality aspects of several related stepsincluding: (1) the proper specification of what is wanted; (2)production to meet the full intent of the specification; (3)inspection to determine whether the resulting product orservice is in accord with the specifications; and (4) r
20、eview ofusage to provide for revision of specification.3.12 testingthe determination by technical means of prop-erties, performance, or elements of materials, products, ser-vices, systems, or environments which involve application ofestablished scientific principles and procedures.4. Summary of Guid
21、e4.1 This guide describes the criteria, practices, and recom-mendations for the physical resources, data validation, andmode of operation of the laboratory.5. Significance and Use5.1 Data on the composition and characteristics of environ-mental atmospheres, such as ambient or work space air, arefreq
22、uently used to evaluate the health and safety of humans.Data on the composition of atmospheric deposition samples areoften used for environmental impact assessment.5.2 These data are frequently used to ascertain compliancewith regulatory statutes that place limits on acceptable com-positions and cha
23、racteristics of these atmospheres.5.3 Laboratories that produce environmental sampling andanalysis data and those who have the responsibility of selectinga laboratory to perform air quality studies need to know whatcriteria, practices, and recommendations have been acceptedby consensus within this f
24、ield of endeavor.5.4 Demonstration and documentation by a laboratory thatthere is judicious selection and control of organizationalfactors, facilities, resources, and operations enhance the reli-ability of the data produced and promote the acceptance ofthese data.6. Responsibilities and Duties of th
25、e Laboratory6.1 The purpose of the laboratory is to provide informationthat is factual, accurate, reliable, and adequate for its purpose.The procedure by which this is to be achieved is by theeffective administration of a quality assurance (QA) plan by themanagement of the organization. The elements
26、 of a qualityassurance plan are described in 6.1.1-6.1.6.1.6.1.1 OrganizationA table of organization which indi-cates the organizational structure and the lines of authority,areas of responsibility, and job descriptions should be avail-able. Key personnel, including their workplace locations andphon
27、e numbers, should be identified for each organizationalentity. Separate organizational charts for subcontractors mightalso be needed. QA managers should be identified along withtheir relationships to other project personnel. The QA manag-ers should be organizationally independent of project manage-m
28、ent so that the risk of conflict of interest is minimized.6.1.1.1 Human ResourcesThe key personnel of the orga-nization should be described by means of personal rsumspresenting the applicable education and work experiencerelative to his or her position in the table of organization andthe requirement
29、s of that position.6.1.1.2 Physical ResourcesThe laboratory facilitiesshould provide a working environment that is clean, air-conditioned, heated, well-lighted, and safe. The instrumenta-tion and equipment should be appropriate to the operationalneeds of the laboratory.6.1.2 MethodologyWritten proce
30、dures should be readilyavailable to all personnel.6.1.2.1 Sample collection and handling procedures, andstorage requirements should be written.6.1.2.2 Calibration and standardization procedures shouldbe written.6.1.2.3 Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) and analyti-cal methods should be written.6.
31、1.2.4 There should be a document control system to assurethat the written procedures are current and complete.6.1.2.5 All of the above should be periodically subjected toperformance and system audits.6.1.3 Metrology SystemsAll systems for making measure-ments should have the following features:6.1.3
32、.1 Calibration and standardization procedures, includ-ing a description of a procedure for establishing traceability,description of calibration standards, and a schedule for cali-bration,6.1.3.2 Preventative maintenance procedures including aschedule for maintenance intervals and documentation of th
33、eirproper completion, and6.1.3.3 Records of modification of configuration that mayoccur in any measurement system due to repair and servicingof equipment, replacement of components or reagents, orchange of procedures.6.1.4 Data RecordingThe laboratory should keep recordsof submitted samples and comp
34、leted analyses in a manner thatprovides for the retrievability, preservation and traceability ofD3614072the sample source, the procedures used, and the person orpersons responsible for the sampling and analysis.6.1.4.1 All laboratory data sheets should be dated andsigned by the analyst.6.1.4.2 A pol
35、icy for the use of computers for data acquisi-tion, archiving, and mathematical calculations should be imple-mented.6.1.5 Data ValidationThe laboratory should keep recordsof analytical performance by means of audit procedures,reference sample programs, and interlaboratory tests. Whereapplicable, qua
36、lity control charts should be used to reportresults from these validation activities. Quality control proce-dures found in most current methods should be followed. (1)36.1.6 Deficiency CorrectionThe organizational systemshould provide the authority and the responsibility for adesignated person or pe
37、rsons to investigate out of controlprocedures and to inform the laboratory management of theproblems that occur. This is often the responsibility of the QAmanager.6.1.6.1 A current log should be maintained of such deficien-cies and the action taken to correct them.7. Organization7.1 The production o
38、f reliable data is dependent upon theconscientious effort of everyone who has any involvement withthe service. Therefore, it is important that each member of theorganization have a clear-cut understanding of his or her dutiesand responsibilities, and their relationship to the total effort.The manage
39、ment of the laboratory has a prime responsibility indefining the policy goals in relation to the quality of perfor-mance and assigning the specific areas of responsibility to theindividual. The human resources that are required for theoperation of the laboratory will vary with the specific functions
40、that are to be served, but the minimum personnel and theirqualifications should generally be as follows:7.2 Human Resources (2)7.2.1 The DirectorThe laboratory director should be afull-time employee of the organization that operates the labo-ratory. He or she should have a minimum of an earnedbaccal
41、aureate degree in science or engineering from an accred-ited college or university or the equivalent (see Note 1) with aminimum of 5 years experience in sampling and analysis ofatmospheres or in a related field. The director should have thefollowing responsibilities:7.2.1.1 Selection and approval of
42、 methods of sampling andanalysis,7.2.1.2 Implementation of a quality assurance program todescribe the quality of technical data,7.2.1.3 Development of standards of performance andevaluation of personnel by these standards, and7.2.1.4 Training of personnel.NOTE 1The equivalent requirement is for the
43、purpose of recognizingthose persons who may have a comparable educational background thathas been obtained through recognized and qualified educational resourcesbut does not result in the award of a baccalaureate degree. The use of thisterm will necessarily require the judgement of the user of this
44、guide.Certification by acknowledged professional boards is encouraged.7.2.2 The Laboratory SupervisorThe laboratory supervi-sor should be a full time employee of the organization thatoperates the laboratory, and should have a minimum of anearned baccalaureate degree in science or engineering from an
45、accredited college, university, or the equivalent (see Note 1),and a minimum of one year analytical responsibility.7.2.3 The Senior StaffThe senior staff of the laboratoryshould conduct the difficult and nonroutine sampling andanalyses and should directly supervise the technical staff. Eachmember of
46、 the senior staff should have a minimum of abaccalaureate degree in science or engineering from an accred-ited college or university or the equivalent (see Note 1).7.2.4 The Technical StaffThe technical staff will normallyconsist of qualified personnel who conduct routine samplingand analyses and ma
47、y also include highly trained and qualifiedpeople who specialize in difficult procedures.7.2.4.1 Each member of the technical staff should haveformal, on-the-job training in the analyses and areas ofassigned responsibility. Training should be provided on-site,and in many cases should be supplemented
48、 by short coursesoffered by equipment manufacturers, professional organiza-tions, universities, or other qualified training facilities.7.2.4.2 After appropriate training, the staff member mustdemonstrate acceptable results in the analysis of an applicablequality control or performance evaluation sam
49、ple.7.2.5 The Support StaffThe support staff will normallyconsist of personnel who perform routine services such as:cleaning glassware, transportation and handling samples andequipment, maintenance of sampling equipment, and clericaland secretarial services.7.2.5.1 Each member of the support staff should havesufficient on-the-job training for his or her level of responsi-bility as defined by the laboratory director.7.3 Physical Resources7.3.1 The laboratory environment can affect the results ofanalyses which are intended to describe the character ofatmospheres
