1、Designation: D3535 07a (Reapproved 2013)Standard Test Method forResistance to Creep Under Static Loading for StructuralWood Laminating Adhesives Used Under Exterior ExposureConditions1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3535; the number immediately following the designation indicate
2、s the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers adhesives suitable for
3、 thebonding of wood, including treated wood, into structurallaminated wood products for general construction, for marineuse, or for other uses where a high-strength generalconstruction, creep-resistant, waterproof adhesive bond is re-quired.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
4、standard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the app
5、lica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A125 Specification for Steel Springs, Helical, Heat-TreatedD907 Terminology of AdhesivesD2559 Specification for Adhesives for Bonded StructuralWood Products for Use Under Exterior Exposure Condi-tions3. Ter
6、minology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 glulam, nsynonym for structural-glued-laminatedtimber.3.1.2 structural-glued-laminated timber, nan engineered,stress-rated product of a timber laminating plant comprisingassemblies of specially selected and prepared wood lamina-tions securely bonded together with adhesi
7、ves, with the fol-lowing characteristics: (1) the grain of all laminations isapproximately parallel longitudinally; and (2) the laminationsmay be comprised of pieces end-joined to form any length, ofpieces placed or glued edge-to-edge to make wider ones or ofpieces bent to curved form during gluing.
8、 (Synonym glulam)ANSI/AITC A190.1 2002, American National Standard forWood ProductsStructural Glued Laminated Timber (Editedto conform with ASTM format).3.1.3 For other terms used in this test method, refer toTerminology D907.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Glued laminations are subjected to a constant
9、 load undervarious combinations of temperature and relative humidity.The amount of creep is measured.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method rates the performance of the adhesivein laminated wood as measured by resistance to creep understatic load.5.2 This test method will normally be used in co
10、njunctionwith Specification D2559.6. Apparatus6.1 Compression-Type Creep Tester, as shown in Fig. 1,3required for testing the specimens under the static load. Thistester consists of:6.1.1 Base Plate,6.1.2 Four Tension Rods,6.1.3 Spacer Plate,6.1.4 Center Rod,1This test method is under the jurisdicti
11、on of ASTM Committee D14 onAdhesives and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D14.30 on WoodAdhesives.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2013. Published October 2013. Originallyapproved in 1976. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D3535 07a. DOI:10.1520/D3535-07AR13.2For referenced ASTM
12、standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Springs selected must fit within the space provided approximately 110-mm(4.3-in.)
13、 maximum outside diameter and 300-mm (11.8-in.) maximum overallheight and should be of corrosion-resistant material (for example, stainless steel,cadmium, or zinc-plated steel), should have a spring constant of 35 000 6 7000N/m (200 6 40 lbf/in.) and a load when fully compressed (that is at solid he
14、ight) ofabout 4500 N (approximately 1000 lbf). For additional information, refer toSpecification A125 for Steel Springs, Helical, Heat Treated.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1Metric Equivalentsmm in. mm in.3.1818 127 5
15、4.77316 139.7 5129.5338 148 53411.1716 165.1 61215.958 267 101219.134 304.8 1225.4 1 311.1 121438.1 112 336.5 131454.0 218 415 163860.3 238 660.4 2663.5 212FIG. 1 Compression-Type Creep Tester3D3535 07a (2013)26.1.5 Spring,6.1.6 Top Plate, and6.1.7 Nuts.6.2 Metal Spacers, coated with an effective mo
16、ld-releaseagent. Seven are needed for each laminate. Dimensions are69.8 mm (234 in.) long by 15.9 mm (58 in.) wide by 6.4 mm (14in.) thick. Spacers made of other materials may also be usedprovided it does not react with the adhesive and can beremoved without disturbing the specimen.6.3 Oven, capable
17、 of maintaining 71 6 2C (160 6 3.6F)and humidity chamber capable of maintaining 26.7 6 2C (806 3.6F) and 90 6 5 % relative humidity.NOTE 1Some ovens may not be able to accommodate a full lengthcreep tester. Since the test specimen is 276 mm in length, it is permissibleto reduce the “filler pieces” a
18、nd angles to a length of 267 mm eachallowing pressure to be exerted directly on the test specimen without theuse of filler blocks. Fig. 2 shows an optional creep tester. The changes areto the lengths of the 4-tension rods, center rod, angles and filler pieces.Use of this tester requires special care
19、 when choosing a spring (seefootnote 3 in Fig. 1 and 10.1) that will fit the reduced space. All othermeasurements will be the same as Fig. 1.7. Selection and Preparation of Wood7.1 Use any softwood or hardwood planned for gluing. Onlyone species is required, even if several will be glued. Flat-grain
20、ed wood is most desirable, however experience has shownFIG. 2 Optional Compression-Type Creep TesterD3535 07a (2013)3that flat-grained specimens may break in the wood whenloaded. (This test measures only creep. Use SpecificationD2559 to measure bondability to all species considered.)7.2 The wood sha
21、ll have a slope of grain not steeper than 1in 15 on any face or any edge. The wood shall contain no knotslarger than 3.18 mm (18 in.) in diameter and shall be free ofdecay, machining defects (such as chipped grain, dubbed ends,feed roll polish, coarse knife marks, and feed rollcompression), and any
22、drying defects such as case hardening,collapse, splits, or checks.7.3 Condition the wood at 23 6 2C (73.4 6 3.6F) and arelative humidity of 50 to 70 % (preferably 65 %) until amoisture content of 8 to 14 % or, preferably, 9 to 12 % has beenobtained.7.4 Freshly knife plane each lamination before appl
23、ying thetest adhesive. The machining tolerances for each laminationused in preparing the test specimen shall be no greater than60.25 mm (0.01 in.) between laminations and 60.20 mm(0.008 in.) within laminations. Observe the most severe of theabove tolerances.8. Test Specimens8.1 The laminated wood me
24、mbers shall be prepared fromboards 15.9 mm (58 in.) thick by 63.5 mm (212 in.) wide by304.9 mm (12 in.) along the grain for each test condition. Eachtest lamination shall be made from two outer laminations asabove and alternate metal spacers and wood sections for theinner lamination (Fig. 3). The wo
25、od sections shall be slicedfrom a third board identical to that above. The wood sectionsshall be 28.5 mm (118 in.) along the grain by 15.9 mm (58 in.)thick by 63.5 mm wide. The laminated wood members shall beprepared by alternately laying seven metal spacers on edgetightly adjacent to eight wood cen
26、ter sections. The woodsections should be slightly thicker than the metal spacers toobtain adequate pressure on the gluelines. It has been foundthat running a 13-mm (12-in.) piece of tape completely aroundthe 16 loose pieces holds them together as a unit while gluing.Glue should be applied to the out
27、er laminations and not thecenter ply. The outer laminations shall then be applied over-lapping about 13 mm on each end and the entire assemblycarefully clamped and the adhesive cured as recommended.After curing and clamp removal, the metal spacers shall bepushed gently (not impact driven) out. Then
28、each three-plylaminated wood member shall be trimmed along the sides toleave a width of 50.8 6 0.8 mm (2 6132 in.) and the outeroverlapping boards at one end trimmed to 3.2 mm (18 in.)longer than the inner section. A center line perpendicular to thegrain shall be marked across all of the 28.6-mm cen
29、ter sectionsand running to the specimen edge. The specimen shall then benotched as in Fig. 3, the 3.2-mm notches being visuallycentered on the above lines. Notching should be to, but notbeyond, the adhesive line. The specimen shall then be trimmedat the untrimmed end to 276.2 mm (1078 in.). This dre
30、ssedmember, 47.6 by 50.8 by 276.2 mm (178 by2by1078 in.)appears in Fig. 3. When the specimen is loaded axially, shearloads shall be applied to the 15 overlap areas which are 50.8 by12.7 mm (2 by 0.5 in.), giving double leg joints with gluelinearea of 1290 mm2(2 in.2).8.2 Two specimens for each varia
31、ble combination to beinvestigated are prepared.9. Assembly Time9.1 Only one combination of open and closed assembly timeis required. The open and closed assembly times are to be theoptimum recommended with the adhesive manufacturers in-structions.10. Procedure10.1 Preparatory to testing, use a squar
32、e and razor blade toscribe a line perpendicular to the exposed gluelines across eachof the lapped areas. Then insert the stack of test specimenswithin the guides of the compression-type creep tester de-scribed in 6.1 and shown in Fig. 1 and position spacer plate No.2 on top. (In case the stack of sp
33、ecimens does not come to orslightly above the guides, use filler blocks on top of the stack.)Insert the spring and position spacer plate No. 1 on top of thespring. Exert a gentle compression and position the corner nuts.Load the entire unit in any type of compression testing machinesuch as that desc
34、ribed in 6.1 to 218.2 kg (480 lb) total load1655 kPa (240 psi) and tighten the corner nuts by hand tomaintain spring compression. Position the keeper nut on centerrod and tighten to within 9.5 mm (38 in.) on the top plate, thusretaining the spring in case one or two specimens fail.FIG. 3 View of Ass
35、embled Test BlocksD3535 07a (2013)410.2 Place the entire unit in the test apparatus described in6.3 and condition at one of the following conditions. Preparetwo units for each test condition and adhesive-wood combina-tion.TemperatureRelative Humidity, % Time, daysF C160 71 ambient 780 26.7 90 710.3
36、MeasurementsAt the end of the 7 days remove thefour test jigs from the oven and humidity chamber. Measure thetotal length slippage (creep) in all gluelines to the nearest 0.127mm (0.005 in.). Add the total length of creep for both testspecimens and each variable combination report in millimetres(inc
37、hes).11. Report11.1 The report shall include the following:11.1.1 Identification of the adhesive used by class, number,or manufacturers mark,11.1.2 Application and bonding conditions used for thespecimen,11.1.3 Wood preparation and conditioning including spe-cific gravity and moisture content at tim
38、e of bonding,11.1.4 Temperature and relative humidity at time ofbonding,11.1.5 Number of specimens tested, and11.1.6 The creep values obtained.12. Precision and Bias12.1 At the present time, there is no basis for a statement ofprecision or bias concerning the reproducibility of resultsamong laborato
39、ries. Such information may be available in thefuture following round-robin testing among laboratories.12.2 The precision and bias of this test method is a functionof the properties of the cured bondline; if wood failure occurs,it is a function of the woods variability. Precision shall bereported in
40、terms of the standard deviation of the data and thestandard error of the mean.13. Keywords13.1 creep; exterior exposure; glulam; structural-glued-laminated timberASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this st
41、andard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be rev
42、iewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsi
43、ble technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West C
44、onshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).D3535 07a (2013)5
