1、Designation: D 3053 08aStandard Terminology Relating toCarbon Black1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3053; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indi
2、cates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology covers a compilation of definitions oftechnical terms used in the carbon black and rubber industries.Terms that are generally understood or ade
3、quately defined inother readily available sources are not included.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 1508 Test Method for Carbon Black, Pelleted Fines andAttritionD 1509 Test Methods for Carbon BlackHeating LossD 1510 Test Method for Carbon BlackIodine AdsorptionNumberD 1511 Test Method f
4、or Carbon BlackPellet Size Distri-butionD 1513 Test Method for Carbon Black, PelletedPourDensityD 1514 Test Method for Carbon BlackSieve ResidueD 1566 Terminology Relating to RubberD 1618 Test Method for Carbon Black ExtractablesTransmittance of Toluene ExtractD 1765 Classification System for Carbon
5、 Blacks Used inRubber ProductsD 1799 Practice for Carbon BlackSampling PackagedShipmentsD 1900 Practice for Carbon BlackSampling Bulk Ship-mentsD 1937 Test Method for Carbon Black, PelletedMassStrengthD 2414 Test Method for Carbon BlackOil AbsorptionNumber (OAN)D 2663 Test Methods for Carbon BlackDi
6、spersion inRubberD 3037 Test Methods for Carbon BlackSurface Area byNitrogen Adsorption3D 3265 Test Method for Carbon BlackTint StrengthD 3313 Test Method for Carbon BlackIndividual PelletHardnessD 3493 Test Method for Carbon BlackOil AbsorptionNumber of Compressed Sample (COAN)D 3849 Test Method fo
7、r Carbon BlackMorphologicalCharacterization of Carbon Black Using Electron Micros-copyD 4820 Test Methods for Carbon Black-Surface Area byMultipoint B.E.T. Nitrogen Adsorption3D 5230 Test Method for Carbon BlackAutomated Indi-vidual Pellet HardnessD 5816 Test Methods for Carbon Black-External Surfac
8、eArea by Multipoint Nitrogen Adsorption3D 6086 Test Method for Carbon BlackVoid Volume (VV)D 6602 Practice for Sampling and Testing of PossibleCarbon Black Fugitive Emissions or Other EnvironmentalParticulate, or Both3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:aciniform, adjshaped like a cluster of grapes.DISCUSS
9、IONThe spheroidal primary particles of carbon black arefused into aggregates of colloidal dimension forming an aciniformmorphology.carbon black, nan engineered material, primarily composedof elemental carbon, obtained from the partial combustion orthermal decomposition of hydrocarbons, existing as a
10、ggre-gates of aciniform morphology which are composed ofspheroidal primary particles, uniformity of primary particlesizes within a given aggregate, and turbostratic layeringwithin the primary particles.DISCUSSIONParticle size and aggregate size (number of particles peraggregate) are distributional p
11、roperties and vary depending on thecarbon black grade. Transmission electron micrographs shown inAnnex A1 of Practice D 6602 demonstrate that while particle andaggregate sizes vary greatly within a given grade of carbon black, theprimary particle size is essentially uniform within an individualaggre
12、gate.carbon black, carcass grade, na type of furnace carbon1This terminology is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D24 on CarbonBlack and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D24.41 on Carbon BlackNomenclature and Terminology.Current edition approved May 1, 2008. Published May 2008. Ori
13、ginallyapproved in 1972. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D 3053 08.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page ont
14、he ASTM website.3Withdrawn.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.black having an average particle size in the range from 31 to200 nm.DISCUSSIONCarcass-grade carbon blacks are produced by the oilfurnace process. The use of t
15、hese grades in the rubber industry is notlimited to the carcass portion of the tire. These grades are designatedwith an “N” first character and a second character of “4, 5, 6, or 7” inTable 1 of Classification D 1765. See Terminology D 1566 for thedefinition of carcass.carbon black, furnace, na type
16、 of carbon black produced bythe decomposition reaction of hydrocarbons when injectedinto a high-velocity stream of combustion gases undercontrolled conditions.carbon black, hard, nSee carbon black, tread grade, thepreferred term.DISCUSSIONAll carbon blacks provide some level of reinforcementwhen mix
17、ed in rubber. The amount of reinforcement is a function of thecarbon black grade and amount used. See Terminology D 1566 for thedefinition of reinforcement.carbon black, semi-reinforcing, nSee carbon black, car-cass grade, the preferred term.DISCUSSIONAll carbon blacks provide some level of reinforc
18、ementwhen mixed in rubber. The amount of reinforcement is a function of thecarbon black grade and amount used. See Terminology D 1566 for thedefinition of reinforcement.carbon black, soft, nSee carbon black, carcass grade, thepreferred term.DISCUSSIONAll carbon blacks provide some level of reinforce
19、mentwhen mixed in rubber. The amount of reinforcement is a function of thecarbon black grade and amount used. See Terminology D 1566 for thedefinition of reinforcement.carbon black, surface activity, nthe inherent ability of thecarbon black surface to interact physically or chemically, orboth, with
20、rubber or other molecules.carbon black, target value, na consensus value for selectedprimary properties on which producers center their manu-facturing process and users center their specification.DISCUSSIONTarget values for carbon black properties are shown inClassification D 1765 for most rubber gr
21、ade carbon blacks currently incommerce.carbon black, thermal, na type of carbon black producedunder controlled conditions by the thermal decomposition ofhydrocarbons in the absence of air or flames.DISCUSSIONThese grades are designated with an “N” first characterand a second character of “8 or 9” in
22、 Table 1 of Classification D 1765.carbon black, thermal, acetylenic, na thermal black pro-duced from acetylene gas.carbon black, tread grade, na type of furnace carbon blackhaving an average particle size in the range from 1 to 30 nm.DISCUSSIONTread grade carbon blacks are produced by the oilfurnace
23、 process. The use of these grades in the rubber industry is notlimited to the tread portion of the tire. These grades are designated withan “N” first character and a second character of “0, 1, 2, or 3” in Table 1of Classification D 1765.carbon black, typical value, na consensus value for thosecarbon
24、 black properties that are not specifically targeted forcontrol in the manufacturing process and that are somewhatdependent upon the targeted properties.DISCUSSIONTypical values for carbon black properties are shown inClassification D 1765 for most rubber grade carbon blacks currently incommerce. Th
25、ese are consensus values based upon the range in valuessupplied by the manufacturers. Typical values are useful in makingcomparisons between grades but they are not the set-point targets forthe process and may be expected to differ significantly betweenproducers.carbon black agglomerate, na cluster
26、of physically boundand entangled aggregates.DISCUSSIONSee Test Method D 3849.carbon black aggregate, na discrete, rigid, colloidal massof extensively coalesced particles; it is the smallest dispers-ible unit.carbon black microstructure, narrangement of carbonatoms within a carbon black particle.carb
27、on black particle, na small spheroidally shaped(paracrystalline, non-discrete) component of a carbon blackaggregate; it is separable from the aggregate only byfracturing.carbon black particle diameter, narithmetic average of thediameters of particles within a carbon black aggregate asmeasured by ele
28、ctron microscopy.DISCUSSIONSee Test Method D 3849.carbon black pellet, na relatively large agglomerate massthat has been densified in spheroidal form to facilitatehandling and processing.DISCUSSIONSee Test Method D 1511.carbon black reinforcing, nSee carbon black, treadgrade, the preferred term.DISC
29、USSIONAll carbon blacks provide some level of reinforcementwhen mixed in rubber. The amount of reinforcement is a function of thecarbon black grade and amount used. See Terminology D 1566 for thedefinition of reinforcement.carbon black structure, nthe quality of irregularity anddeviation from spheri
30、city of the shape of a carbon blackaggregate.carbon black weight mean particle size, nratio equal to thesum of individual particle diameters, each raised to thefourth power, divided by the sum of the individual particlediameters, raised to the third pressed oil absorption number (COAN), nSee oilabso
31、rption number of compressed sample, the preferredterm.dispersion, ndegree of uniform distribution of a fillersprimary unit (i.e., aggregate of carbon black) into a com-pound. See also macro-dispersion, micro-dispersion, andvisual dispersion.fines, nthat portion of pelleted carbon black that passesth
32、rough a specified sieve under standard conditions.DISCUSSIONSee Test Methods D 1508 and D 1514.D 3053 08a2heating loss, nmass loss, in percent, when carbon black isheated at 125C for 1 h; the heating loss is primarilyattributed to moisture content.DISCUSSIONSee Test Methods D 1509.individual pellet
33、hardness, nthe force required to fractureor crush a carbon black pellet.DISCUSSIONSee Test Methods D 3313 and D 5230.iodine adsorption number, nthe number of grams of iodineadsorbed per kilogram of carbon black under specifiedconditions.DISCUSSIONSee Test Method D 1510.lot, na quantity of carbon bla
34、ck that is essentially uniform incomposition and characteristics.lot sample, na quantity of carbon black selected to representa lot for testing purposes and taken in accordance withPractice D 1799 or D 1900.macro-dispersion, ndegree of distribution of filler into acompound that can be assessed with
35、the aid of instrumenta-tion including but not limited to a light microscope, profilo-meter, or interferometric microscope, generally on a scale ofless than 100 m but greater than 2 m.DISCUSSIONSee Test Methods D 2663.mass strength, na measure of the tendency for carbon blackpellets to pack together
36、and to influence flow in a bulkhandling system.DISCUSSIONSee Test Method D 1937.material, na quantity of carbon black with unique compo-sition and characteristics.moisture content, nthe percentage, by mass, of waterabsorbed and adsorbed by carbon black.DISCUSSIONSee heating loss.micro-dispersion, nd
37、egree of distribution of a fillers pri-mary unit (that is, aggregate of carbon black) into acompound that can be assessed with the aid of instrumenta-tion including but not limited to an electron microscope orscanning probe microscope, generally on a scale of less than2 m.nitrogen surface area (NSA)
38、, nthe total surface area ofcarbon black that is calculated from nitrogen adsorption datausing the B.E.T. theory.DISCUSSIONSee Test Methods D 3037 and D 4820.oil absorption number (OAN), nthe number of cubiccentimetres of dibutyl phthalate (DBP) or paraffin oil ab-sorbed by 100 g of carbon black und
39、er specified conditions.DISCUSSIONThe OAN value is proportional to the degree ofaggregation of structure level of the carbon black. See Test MethodsD 2414 and D 3493.oil absorption number of compressed sample (COAN),nthe number of cubic centimetres of dibutyl phthalate(DBP) or paraffin oil absorbed
40、by 100 g of carbon black afterbeing compressed four times in a compression cylinder at165 MPa (24 000 psi) under specified conditions.DISCUSSIONThe COAN value gives some measure of the stability ofthe structure of the carbon black. See Test Methods D 2414 andD 3493.oil furnace process, na process fo
41、r producing furnacecarbon blacks that uses oil as the source of hydrocarbons fordecomposition by injection into a high-velocity stream ofcombustion gases.DISCUSSIONOil or natural gas are typically used as combustion fuelto create the high-velocity stream of combustion gases, although otherfuels may
42、be used.pellet size distribution, nthe percentage, by mass, of carbonblack retained on each of a specified series of sieve screensarranged with progressively smaller openings.DISCUSSIONSee Test Method D 1511.pour density, nthe mass per unit volume of pelleted carbonblack.DISCUSSIONSee Test Method D
43、1513.sample, na portion of carbon black selected for use inobtaining a test result.statistical thickness surface area (STSA), nthe externalsurface area of carbon black that is calculated from nitrogenadsorption data using the de Boer theory and a carbon blackmodel.DISCUSSIONSee Test Methods D 5816.t
44、int strength, nthe ratio, expressed as tint units, of thereflectance of a standard paste to a sample paste, bothprepared and tested under specified conditions.DISCUSSIONSee Test Method D 3265.toluene discoloration, nthe transmittance, at 425 nm, of thefiltrate obtained from the toluene extract of ca
45、rbon black,compared with that of pure toluene.DISCUSSIONSee Test Method D 1618.vacuum, npressure below atmospheric pressure.visual dispersion, ndegree of uniform distribution of afillers primary unit into a compound that can be assessedwith the unaided human eye, typically on a scale greater than100
46、 m.DISCUSSIONSee Test Methods D 2663.void volume, nmeasure of the occluded pore volume withinthe primary structure of carbon black, characterized by theirregularity and non-sphericity of carbon black aggregates,and expressed as the difference between a samples com-pressed or apparent volume at a spe
47、cified pressure andcarbon blacks theoretical volume.DISCUSSIONThe theoretical volume of carbon black is calculated assample mass divided by the true or absolute density of carbon blackwith an accepted value of 1.9 g/cm3. The void volume value iscalculated based on 100 g mass. See Test Method D 6086.
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