1、Designation: D 2881 03 (Reapproved 2009)An American National StandardStandard Classification forMetal Working Fluids and Related Materials1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2881; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the ca
2、se of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This classification of metal working fluids and relatedmaterials is designed to standardiz
3、e and consolidate the termi-nology, nomenclature, and classification of these products.1.2 Metal working fluids includes both metal removal andforming fluids. These are the coolants and lubricants associatedwith both types of processes.1.3 This classification implies no evaluation of productquality
4、or suitability for a given metalworking operation.2. Terminology2.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:2.1.1 amorphous, adjpossessing neither a lattice nor crys-talline arrangement of atoms.2.1.2 crystalline, adjpossessing a lattice or crystallinestructure; that is, a definite arrangemen
5、t or pattern of atoms inspace.2.1.3 emulsifier, na surface active agent, or surfactant,that is at least partially soluble in both liquids of an emulsion,and thus stabilizes one in the other.2.1.4 emulsion, na relatively stable mixture of two im-miscible liquids held in suspension by small amounts of
6、emulsifiers.2.1.5 micelle, na colloidal aggregate of surfactant mol-ecules that occurs at a well-defined concentration.2.1.6 petroleum oil, na naturally occurring hydrocarbonmix that was initially formed under pressure in the earths crustand is liquid at room temperature.2.1.7 straight oil, nan oil,
7、 petroleum or synthetic, thatessentially contains no water and is not emulsifiable normiscible in water.2.1.8 synthetic oil, na non-petroleum liquid that possesseslubricating properties. It includes both man-made and naturallyoccurring liquids.2.1.9 vitreous, adjhaving the appearance and properties
8、ofa glass; that is, a hard, amorphous, brittle structure.3. Significance and Use3.1 Metal working may be divided into two general types ofprocesses, metal deformation and metal removal or cutting.This classification lists the various types of fluid and non-fluidmaterials used to directly cool and lu
9、bricate in both types ofmetalworking processes. It is intended for use by those inmetalworking or related industries who want to differentiatethese materials. It is up to the user of this classification todetermine the relevance of the items listed with respect theirapplication.4. Basis of Classific
10、ation4.1 Metal working fluids and related materials are dividedinto three broad categories: petroleum oil containing fluids,non-petroleum fluids, and solid and semi-solid materials.Under each of these broad categories, the types of fluids andmaterials related to each category are listed with a descr
11、iption.4.1.1 Petroleum Oil-Containing Fluids:4.1.1.1 Soluble Oil:(1) Generally contains 30 % oil before dilution with water(2) Contains emulsifiers, corrosion inhibitors, and otheradditives(3) Generally creates a macro-emulsion (average size 1.0m) when diluted with water(4) Blended with water in its
12、 end use4.1.1.2 Semi-synthetic Oil:(1) Generally contains #30 % oil before dilution withwater(2) Contains emulsifiers, corrosion inhibitors, and otheradditives(3) Generally creates a micro-emulsion (average particlesize 1.0 m) when diluted in water(4) Blended with water in its end use4.1.1.3 Straigh
13、t Oil:(1) Contains petroleum oil but essentially no water(2) Not emulsifiable(3) May contain corrosion inhibitors, lubricity agents, andother additives4.1.2 Synthetic Non-Petroleum Fluids:4.1.2.1 Solution Synthetic Fluid:(1) Contains no petroleum oil1This classification is under the jurisdiction of
14、ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.L0.04 on Metal Deformation Fluids and Lubricants.Current edition approved April 15, 2009. Published July 2009. Originallyapproved in 1970. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D 288103.1Co
15、pyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.(2) Forms in a single-phase a true solution (no micelles)when mixed with water(3) Blended with water in its end use4.1.2.2 Emulsion Synthetic Fluid:(1) Contains emulsifiers but no petroleu
16、m oil(2) Produces an emulsion when added to water(3) Blended with water in its end use4.1.2.3 Straight Synthetic Oil:(1) Contains no petroleum oil nor water(2) Not intended to be diluted nor emulsified with water inits end use4.1.3 Solid Lubricants:4.1.3.1 Powders:(1) Crystalline(2) Polymeric(3) Amo
17、rphous4.1.3.2 Vitreous Materials:(1) Borates(2) Glasses(3) Phosphates4.1.3.3 Greases and Pastes:(1) Greases(2) Dispersions or solutions in non-aqueous fluids(3) Dispersions or solutions in water4.1.3.4 Solid Films:(1) Particle bonded(2) Resin bonded(3) Vitreous bonded5. Keywords5.1 coolants; greases
18、; metal forming fluids; metal removalfluids; metal working fluids; pastes; semi-synthetic fluids; solidlubricants; soluble oilsASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are
19、expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not re
20、vised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you
21、may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).D 2881 03 (2009)2
