1、Designation: D 892 06e1Designation: 146/2000An American National StandardBritish Standard 5092Standard Test Method forFoaming Characteristics of Lubricating Oils1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 892; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal
2、adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defens
3、e.e1NOTECorrected wording in X2.1.2 and added research report number to X2.7 editorially in September 2007.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers the determination of the foam-ing characteristics of lubricating oils at 24C and 93.5C.Means of empirically rating the foaming tendency and thestability of
4、the foam are described.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this st
5、andard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specificwarning statements, see Sections 7, 8, and 9.1.1.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparentand Op
6、aque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-ity)D 6082 Test Method for High Temperature Foaming Char-acteristics of Lubricating OilsE1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass ThermometersE 128 Test Method for Maximum Pore Diameter and Per-meability of Rigid Porous Filters for Laboratory UseE 1272
7、 Specification for Laboratory Glass Graduated Cyl-inders3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 diffuser, nfor gas, a device for dispersing gas into afluid.3.1.1.1 DiscussionIn this test method the diffuser may bemade of either metallic or non-metallic materials.3.1.2 entrained air (or gas), nin liquids
8、, a two-phasemixture of air (or gas) dispersed in a liquid in which thevolume of the liquid is the major component.3.1.2.1 DiscussionThe air (or gas) is in the form ofdiscrete bubbles of about 10 to 1000 m in diameter. Thebubbles are not uniformly dispersed. In time they tend to riseto the surface t
9、o coalesce to form larger bubbles which break orform foam. Subsurface coalescence can also occur, in whichcase, the bubbles rise more rapidly.3.1.3 foam, nin liquids, a collection of bubbles formed inthe liquid or on (at) its surface in which the air (or gas) is themajor component on a volumetric ba
10、sis.3.1.4 lubricant, nany material interposed between twosurfaces that reduces friction or wear between them. D 60823.1.4.1 DiscussionIn this test method, the lubricant is anoil which may or may not contain additives such as foaminhibitors.3.1.5 maximum pore diameter, nin gas diffusion, thediameter
11、a capillary of circular cross section which is equiva-lent (with respect to surface tension effects) to the largest poreof the diffuser under consideration.3.1.5.1 DiscussionThe pore dimension is expressed inmicrometres in this test method.3.1.6 permeability, nin gas diffusion, the flow of gas,throu
12、gh the gas diffuser.3.1.6.1 DiscussionIn this test method, the permeability ismeasured at a pressure of 2.45 kPa (250 mm of water) inmillilitres per minute.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcom
13、mitteeD02.06 on Analysis of Lubricants.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2006. Published August 2006. Originallyapproved in 1946. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as D 89205.In the IP, this test method is under the jurisdiction of the StandardizationCommittee. This test method has been approved
14、 by the sponsoring committees andaccepted by the cooperating societies in accordance with established procedures.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the
15、 standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 dynamic bu
16、bble, nthe first bubble to pass throughand escape from the diffuser followed by a continuous succes-sion of bubbles when testing for the maximum pore diameter inAnnex A1.3.2.1.1 DiscussionWhen a diffuser is immersed in aliquid, air can be trapped in the pores. It can escape eventuallyor as soon as a
17、 pressure is applied to the diffuser. When testingfor maximum pore diameter (Annex A1) the escape of suchbubble shall be ignored.3.2.2 foam stability, nin foam testing, the amount of foamremaining at the specified time following the disconnecting ofthe air supply.3.2.2.1 DiscussionIn this test metho
18、d, foam stability isdetermined from measurements made 10 min 6 10 s afterdisconnecting the air supply.3.2.3 foaming tendency, nin foam testing, the amount offoam determined from measurements made immediately afterthe cessation of air flow.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The sample, maintained at a temp
19、erature of 24C (75F)is blown with air at a constant rate for 5 min, then allowed tosettle for 10 min. The volume of foam is measured at the endof both periods. The test is repeated on a second sample at93.5C (200F), and then, after collapsing the foam, at 24C(75F).5. Significance and Use5.1 The tend
20、ency of oils to foam can be a serious problemin systems such as high-speed gearing, high-volume pumping,and splash lubrication. Inadequate lubrication, cavitation, andoverflow loss of lubricant can lead to mechanical failure. Thistest method is used in the evaluation of oils for such operatingcondit
21、ions.6. Apparatus6.1 Foaming Test Apparatus, an example of a suitableset-up is shown in Fig. 1, consisting of a 1000-mL graduatedcylinder or cylinders (meeting Specification E 1272 class Btolerance requirement of 66 mL and at least graduations of 10mL) held in position when placed in the baths, such
22、 as fittedwith a heavy ring or clamp assembly to overcome the buoy-ancy, and an air-inlet tube, to the bottom of which is fasteneda gas diffuser. The gas diffuser can be either a 25.4-mm (1-in.)diameter spherical gas diffuser stone3,4made of fused crystal-line alumina grain, or a cylindrical metal d
23、iffuser4,5made ofsintered five micron porous stainless steel (Note 1). Thecylinder shall have a diameter such that the distance from theinside bottom to the 1000-mL graduation mark is 360 6 25mm. It shall be circular at the top (Note 2) and shall be fittedwith a stopper, such as those made of rubber
24、, having one holeat the center for the air-inlet tube and a second hole off-centerfor an air-outlet tube. The air-inlet tube shall be adjusted sothat, when the stopper is fitted tightly into the cylinder, the gasdiffuser (Note 3) just touches the bottom of the cylinder and isapproximately at the cen
25、ter of the circular cross section. Gasdiffusers shall meet the following specification when tested inaccordance with the method given in Annex A1:Maximum pore diameter, m Not greater than 80Permeability at pressure of 2.45 kPa (250 mm) water,mL of air/min3000 to 6000NOTE 1Gas diffuser permeability a
26、nd porosity can change during use;therefore, it is recommended that diffusers be tested when new andperiodically thereafter preferably after each use.NOTE 2Graduated cylinders with circular tops can be prepared fromcylinders with pouring spouts by cutting them off below the spouts. Thecut surface is
27、 to be smoothed before use by fire polishing or grinding.3The sole source of supply of the diffuser stones known to the committee at thistime is Norton Co., Industrial Ceramics Div., Worcester, MA 01606, under thedesignation AX536, Alundum porous spheres.4If you are aware of alternative suppliers, p
28、lease provide this information toASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consider-ation at a meeting of the responsible technical committee,1which you may attend.5The sole source of supply of the metal diffusers known to the committee at thistime is Petrolab Corp., 874 Al
29、bany-Shaker Road, Latham, NY 12110 under thedesignation M13-0653. The names of suitable suppliers of diffuser stones and metaldiffusers in the United Kingdom may be obtained from Energy Institute.FIG. 1 Foaming Test ApparatusD89206e12NOTE 3Gas diffusers may be attached to air-inlet tubes by anysuita
30、ble means. A convenient arrangement is shown in Fig. 2.NOTE 4It may be necessary to confirm the volume of the cylinder.6.2 Test Baths, large enough to permit the immersion of thecylinder at least to the 900-mL mark and capable of beingmaintained at temperatures constant to 0.5C (1F) at 24C(75F) and
31、93.5C (200F), respectively. Both bath (Note 6)and bath liquid shall be clear enough to permit observation ofthe graduations on the cylinder.NOTE 5Air baths may also be utilized for heating purposes. Limiteddata has shown that both liquid and air baths give equivalent results.However, the precision e
32、stimates given in Section 13 are based on usingonly liquid baths.6NOTE 6Heat-resistant cylindrical glass jars approximately 300 mm(12 in.) in diameter and 450 mm (18 in.) in height make satisfactory baths.6.3 Air Supply, from a source capable of maintaining an airflow rate of 94 6 5 mL/min through t
33、he gas diffuser. The airshall be passed through a drying tower 300 mm in heightpacked as follows: just above the constriction place a 20-mmlayer of cotton, then a 180-mm layer of indicating desiccant,and a 20-mm layer of cotton. The cotton serves to hold thedesiccant in place. Refill the tower when
34、the indicatingdesiccant begins to show presence of moisture. A flowmetersensitive to the required tolerances can be used to measure theair flow (Note 7).NOTE 7A manometer type flowmeter, in which the capillary betweenthe two arms of the U-tube is approximately 0.4 mm in diameter and 16mm in length,
35、and in which n-butylphthalate is the manometric liquid, issuitable.6.3.1 The total volume of air leaving the foaming testapparatus shall be measured by a volume measuring device(Note 9) capable of accurately measuring gas volumes of about470 mL. The air shall be passed through at least one loop ofco
36、pper tubing placed around the inside circumference of thecold bath so that the volume measurement is made at approxi-mately 24C (75F). Precautions are to be taken to avoid leaksat any point in the system.NOTE 8Alternatively,a1Lcylinder (with 10 mL graduation marks)full of water is inverted in a tall
37、, large beaker also filled with water. Thereshould be no air bubbles inside. Air leaving the copper loop in the bath isconnected below the cylinder. When the test is started, air will flow intothe cylinder, displacing the water. At the end of the test, the volume of airin the cylinder is measured by
38、 equalizing the water levels inside andoutside the cylinder.Alternatively, the total volume of air passed would bethe difference between the final and the initial volumes of water in thecylinder.NOTE 9Awet test meter calibrated in hundredths of a litre is suitable.6.4 Timer, graduated and accurate t
39、o1sorbetter.6.5 Thermometer, having a range as shown below andconforming to the requirements as prescribed in SpecificationE1or specifications for IP thermometers:TemperatureRangeThermometerASTM No. IP5 to 215F20 to 102C12F12C64F64C7. Reagents and Materials7.1 Purity of ReagentsReagent grade chemica
40、ls shall beused in all cases. Unless indicated otherwise, it is intended thatall reagents conform to the specifications of the committee onAnalytical Reagents of the American Chemical Society wheresuch specifications are available.7Other grades may be used,provided it is first ascertained that the r
41、eagent is of sufficientlyhigh purity to permit its use without lessening the accuracy ofthe determination.7.2 Acetone(WarningExtremely flammable, vaporscan cause a flash fire).7.3 Compressed Air, hydrocarbon free and dry to a dewpoint of 60C or lower.6Supporting data have been filed at ASTM Internat
42、ional Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR: D021516.7Reagent Chemicals, American Chemical Society Specifications, AmericanChemical Society, Washington, DC. For suggestions on the testing of reagents notlisted by the American Chemical Society, see Analar Standards for Labo
43、ratoryChemicals, BDH Ltd., Poole, Dorset, U.K., and the United States Pharmacopeiaand National Formulary, U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc. (USPC), Rockville,MD.Dimensions in millimetres (inches)FIG. 2 Attachment of Gas Diffusers to Air-Inlet TubesD89206e13NOTE 10If the source of compressed air is
44、 ensured to the statedspecifications, the drying tower in 6.3 may not be necessary.7.4 Heptane(WarningFlammable, vapor harmful).7.5 Propan-2-ol(Solvents with equivalent cleaning andsolvency characteristics may be substituted for propan-2-ol.)7.6 Toluene (Methylbenzene)(Solvents with equivalentcleani
45、ng and solvency characteristics may be substituted fortoluene.)8. Hazards8.1 (WarningUsers of this test method shall be trainedand familiar with all normal laboratory practices, or under theimmediate supervision of such a person. It is the responsibilityof the operator to ensure that all local legis
46、lative and statutoryrequirements are met.)8.2 (WarningCleaning solvents have flash points lowerthan ambient temperatures. Avoid the possibility of fire orexplosion.)8.3 (WarningThe fumes from the test oil and the bathshall be vented in a manner compatible with local governmentregulations.)8.4 (Warni
47、ngSome apparatus assemblies can have asmuch as 20 L of heat transfer oil at 93.5C. Therefore, in theevent of breakage of the containing vessel, provisions forsuitable containment of the spill is advisable.)9. Preparation of Apparatus9.1 Thorough cleansing of the test cylinder and air-inlettube is es
48、sential after each use to remove any additiveremaining from previous tests which can seriously interferewith results of subsequent tests.9.1.1 CylinderRinse the cylinder with heptane.(WarningFlammable, vapor harmful.) Wash the cylinderwith a suitable detergent. Rinse the cylinder, in turn, withdisti
49、lled water, then acetone (WarningExtremely flam-mable, vapors can cause a flash fire) and dry in a current of thecompressed air or in a drying oven. Interior walls that drain thewater cleanly, that is without drops forming, are adequatelycleaned.NOTE 11Certain detergents are notorious for adhering to glass;therefore, it is important to realize that such a circumstance can affect thetest result. Several rinsings with water and acetone may be required.9.1.2 Gas Diffuser and Air TubeClean the gas diffuserwith toluene (s
