1、Designation:D88311D88312 Standard Terminology Relating to Plastics 1 This standard is issued under the xed designation D883; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicate
2、s the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval. This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense. 1. Scope* 1.1 This terminology covers denitions of technical terms used in the plastics indust
3、ry. Terms that are generally understood or adequately dened in other readily available sources are not included. 1.2 WhenatermisusedinanASTMdocumentforwhichCommitteeD20isresponsibleitisincludedonlywhenjudged,after review, by Subcommittee D20.92 to be a generally usable term. 1.3 Denitions that are i
4、dentical to those published by another standards body are identied with the abbreviation of the name of the organization; for example, IUPAC is the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. 1.4 Adenition is a single sentence with additional information included in discussion notes. It is re
5、viewed every 5 years; the year of last review is appended. 1.5 For literature related to plastics terminology, see Appendix X1. 2. Referenced Documents 2.1 ASTM Standards: 2 C162Terminology of Glass and Glass Products D638Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics D747Test Method for Apparent Be
6、nding Modulus of Plastics by Means of a Cantilever Beam D790Test Methods for Flexural Properties of Unreinforced and Reinforced Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materials D882Test Method for Tensile Properties of Thin Plastic Sheeting D907Terminology of Adhesives D1003Test Method for Haze and Lumi
7、nous Transmittance of Transparent Plastics D1566Terminology Relating to Rubber D4703Practice for Compression Molding Thermoplastic Materials into Test Specimens, Plaques, or Sheets E308Practice for Computing the Colors of Objects by Using the CIE System 3. Terminology 3.1 Denitions: A-stage, nanearl
8、ystageinthepreparationofcertainthermosettingresinsinwhichthematerialisstillsolubleincertainliquids, and may be liquid or capable of becoming liquid upon heating. DISCUSSION Sometimes referred to as Resol. (See also B-stage and C-stage.) (1978) 3 acetal plastics, nplastics based on polymers having a
9、predominance of acetal linkages in the main chain. (See also polyoxymethylene. ) (1985) 1 This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 on Plastics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.92 on Terminology. Current edition approved May 15, 2011Nov. 15, 2012. Published
10、 May 2011November 2012. Originally approved in 1946. Last previous edition approved in 20082011 as D883-08.D883-11. DOI: 10.1520/D0883-11.10.1520/D0883-12. 2 ForreferencedASTMstandards,visittheASTMwebsite,www.astm.org,orcontactASTMCustomerServiceatserviceastm.org.ForAnnualBookofASTMStandards volume
11、information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website. 3 Date indicates year of introduction or latest review or revision. This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the prev
12、ious version. Because it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately,ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document. *A Summary of C
13、hanges section appears at the end of this standard Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States 1acrylic plasticsplastics based on polymers made with acrylic acid or a structural derivative of acrylic acid. (1982) addition polymeri
14、zationpolymerization in which monomers are linked together without the splitting off of water or other simple molecules. (1983) adiabatic extrusiona method of extrusion in which, after the extrusion apparatus has been heated sufficiently by conventional means to plastify the material, the extrusion
15、process can be continued with the sole source of heat being the conversion of the drive energy, through viscous resistance of the plastic mass in the extruder. (1978) aging, n(1) the effect on materials of exposure to an environment for an interval of time. (2) the process of exposing materials to a
16、n environment for an interval of time. (1973) alkyd plasticsplastics based on alkyd resins. (1980) alkyd resina polyester convertible into a crosslinked form; requiring a reactant of functionality higher than two, or having double bonds. (1982) alloy, n (in plastics)two or more immiscible polymers u
17、nited, usually by another component, to form a plastic resin having enhanced performance properties. allyl plasticsplastics based on allyl resins. (1978) allyl resina resin made by polymerization of chemical compounds containing the allyl group. (1978) amino plastics, nplastics based on amino resins
18、. (1978) amino resin, na resin made by polycondensation of a compound containing amino groups, such as urea or melamine, with an aldehyde, such as formaldehyde, or an aldehyde-yielding material. (1985) apparent densitySee density, apparent. aromatic polyester, na polyester derived from monomers in w
19、hich all the hydroxyl and carboxyl groups are linked directly to aromatic nuclei. (1986) articial weatheringexposure to laboratory conditions, which may be cyclic, involving changes in temperature, relative humidity, radiant energy, and any other elements found in the atmosphere in various geographi
20、cal areas. DISCUSSION Thelaboratoryexposureconditionsareusuallyintensiedbeyondthoseencounteredinactualoutdoorexposureinanattempttoachieveanaccelerated effect. (1980) averageinjectionvelocity, nthe mean value of the velocity of the molten plastic ow front within a cavity during the injection time tha
21、t is calculated from the shot volume and injection time. DISCUSSION The average injection velocity is calculated as follows: V av 5 V s t i 3A c 3n where: V av = average injection velocity, mm/s, V s = shot volume, mm 3 , t i = injection time, s, A c = cross section of the cavity, mm 2 , and n = num
22、ber of cavities. This calculation is valid for molds containing a single cavity or those containing identical multi-specimen cavities only and not for family molds. B-stage, nanintermediatestageinthereactionofcertainthermosettingresinsinwhichthematerialswellswhenincontactwith certain liquids and sof
23、tens when heated, but may not entirely dissolve or fuse. DISCUSSION D88312 2The resin in an uncured thermosetting molding compound is usually, in this stage, sometimes referred to as Resitol. (See also A-stage and C-stage.) (1978) bag modelinga method of molding or laminating which involves the appl
24、ication of uid pressure, usually by means of air, steam, water or vacuum, to a exible barrier material which transmits the pressure to the material being molded or bonded. DISCUSSION The process is usually employed for forming shapes from preformed laminates comprising a brous sheet impregnated with
25、 anA-stage or a B-stage thermosetting resin. (1986) binder, nin a reinforced plastic, the continuous phase which holds together the reinforcement. DISCUSSION During fabrication, the binder, which may be either thermoplastic or thermoset, usually undergoes a change in state. (1978) biodegradable plas
26、tic, nSee degradable plastic. blister, nan imperfection, a rounded elevation of the surface of a plastic, with boundaries that may be more or less sharply dened, somewhat resembling in shape a blister on the human skin. (1983) block copolymeran essentially linear copolymer in which there are repeate
27、d sequences of polymeric segments of different chemical structure. (1982) blocking, nunintentional adhesion between plastic lms or between a lm and another surface. (1983) bloom, na visible exudation or efflorescence on the surface of a material. (1972) blowingagenta compounding ingredient used to p
28、roduce gas by chemical or thermal action, or both, in manufacture of hollow or cellular articles. (1983) blow moldinga method of fabrication in which a heated parison is forced into the shape of a mold cavity by internal gas pressure. (1985) branched polyethylene plastics, nthose containing signican
29、t amounts of both short-chain and long-chain branching and having densities in the 0.910 to 0.940 g/cm 3 range. DISCUSSION These plastics, usually produced commercially by free radical polymerization, are subcategorized by density level; low density polyethylene plastic and medium density polyethyle
30、ne plastic. bulk density, nthe weight per unit volume of a loosely packed material, such as a molding powder or pellets. DISCUSSION This term should not be used synonymously with apparent density. bulk factor, nthe ratio of the volume of a given mass of molding material to its volume in the molded f
31、orm. DISCUSSION The bulk factor is also equal to the ratio of the density of the material to its apparent density in the unmolded form. (ISO) (1982) bulk molding compound (BMC), na putty-like mixture of any thermosetting resin containing llers, ber reinforcements, catalysts and thickening agents, or
32、 thermoplastic polymers, often extruded into logs or ropes. DISCUSSION BMCissuitableformoldingbyanyoneofthreematched-metal-moldprocessescompressionmolding,transfermolding,orinjectionmolding.(1983) butyleneplasticsplasticsbasedonresinsmadebythepolymerizationofbuteneorcopolymerizationofbutenewithoneor
33、more unsaturated compounds, the butene being in greatest amount by weight. (1975) D88312 3C-stage, nthe nal stage in the reaction of certain thermosetting materials in which they have become practically insoluble and infusible. DISCUSSION The resin in a fully cured thermoset molding is, in this stag
34、e, sometimes referred to as Resite. (See also A-stage and B-stage.) (1986) cast lma lm made by depositing a layer of plastic, either molten, in solution, or in a dispersion, onto a surface, solidifying and removing the lm from the surface. (1982) cavity, nin specimen preparation, the part of the hol
35、low space of a mold that forms one specimen. cell, na small cavity surrounded partially or completely by walls. (1983) cell, closeda cell totally enclosed by its walls and hence not interconnecting with other cells. (ISO) (See cell and cell, open.) (1983) cell, opena cell not totally enclosed by its
36、 walls and hence interconnecting with other cells. (See cell and cell, closed.) (1983) cellular plastica plastic containing numerous cells, intentionally introduced, interconnecting or not, distributed throughout the mass. (See also syntactic cellular plastics.) (1983) cellularstriation, nacondition
37、characterizedbyalayerwithinacellularmaterialthatdiffersgreatlyfromthecharacteristiccell structure. cellulosicplastics,nplasticsbasedoncellulosecompounds,suchasesters(celluloseacetate)andethers(ethylcellulose).(1985) chalking, n(plastics) a powdery residue on the surface of a material resulting from
38、degradation or migration of an ingredient, or both. DISCUSSION Chalking may be designed-in characteristic. (1980) chemically foamed polymeric materiala cellular material in which the cells are formed by gases generated from thermal decomposition or other chemical reaction. (1982) chlorinated poly(vi
39、nyl chloride)a poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) polymer modied by additional chlorination. (2000) chlorinatedpoly(vinylchloride)plasticsplasticsbasedonchlorinatedpoly(vinylchloride)inwhichthechlorinatedpoly(vinyl chloride) is in the greatest amount by weight. (1978) chlorouorocarbonplasticsplastics based
40、on polymers made with monomers composed of chlorine, uorine, and carbon only. (ISO) (1983) chlorouorohydrocarbon plastics, nplastics based on polymers made with monomers composed of chlorine, uorine, hydrogen, and carbon only. (ISO) (1982) circuitin lament winding, the winding produced by a single r
41、evolution of mandrel or form. (1978) closed-cell cellular plasticscellular plastics in which almost all the cells are noninterconnecting. (1983) cold owSee creep. (1983) cold moldinga special process of compression molding in which the molding is formed at room temperature and subsequently baked at
42、elevated temperatures. (1982) collapse, ninadvertent densication of cellular material during manufacture resulting from breakdown of cell structure. (1982) composite, na solid product consisting of two or more distinct phases, including a binding material (matrix) and a particulate or brous material
43、. DISCUSSION Examples are moulding material containing reinforcing bers, particulate llers, or hollow spheres. (1991) compostthe product of composting. D88312 4compostableplasticaplasticthatundergoesbiologicaldegradationduringcompostingtoyieldcarbondioxide,water,inorganic compounds, and biomass at a
44、 rate consistent with other known compostable materials and leaves no visually distinguishable or toxic residues. (1996) compound, nan intimate admixture of (a) polymer(s) with all the materials necessary for the nished product. (1983) compression moldingthe method of molding a material already in a
45、 conned cavity by applying pressure and usually heat. (1986) condensation polymera polymer made by condensation polymerization. (1983) condensation polymerizationpolymerization in which monomers are linked together with the splitting off of water or other simple molecules. (1983) contactpressuremold
46、ing, namethodofmoldingorlaminatinginwhichthepressure,usuallylessthan70kPa(10psi),isonly slightly more than necessary to hold the materials together during the molding operation. (1985) cooling time, nin molding, the time interval from the start of forward screw movement until the mold starts to open
47、. copolymerSee polymer. (1983) copolymerizationSee polymerization. (1983) crater, na small, shallow surface imperfection. (1978) crazing, napparent ne cracks at or under the surface of a plastic. DISCUSSION The crazed areas are composed of polymeric material of lower density than the surrounding mat
48、rix. (1978) creep, nthe time-dependent part of strain resulting from stress. (1983) cross laminatea laminate in which some of the layers of material are oriented approximately at right angles to the remaining layers with respect to the grain or strongest direction in tension. (See also parallel lami
49、nate). (1982) crosslinking, nthe formation of a three dimensional polymer by means of interchain reactions resulting in changes in physical properties. (1983) cross section of the cavity, nin a mold for test specimens, the area of a planar section perpendicular to the ow pattern during lling of the mold that forms the critical portion of the test specimen. cure, vto change the properties of a polymeric system into a more stable, usable condition by the use of he
