1、Designation: D86 10Standard Test Method forDistillation of Petroleum Products at Atmospheric Pressure1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D86; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of originaladoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revisio
2、n. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscriptepsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers the atmospheric distilla
3、tion ofpetroleum products using a laboratory batch distillation unit todetermine quantitatively the boiling range characteristics ofsuch products as light and middle distillates, automotivespark-ignition engine fuels with or without oxygenates (seeNote 1), aviation gasolines, aviation turbine fuels,
4、 diesel fuels,biodiesel blends up to 20 %, marine fuels, special petroleumspirits, naphthas, white spirits, kerosines, and Grades 1 and 2burner fuels.NOTE 1An interlaboratory study was conducted in 2008 involving 11different laboratories submitting 15 data sets and 15 different samples ofethanol-fue
5、l blends containing 25 v%, 50 v%, and 75 v% ethanol. Theresults indicate that the repeatability limits of these samples are compa-rable or within the published repeatability of the method (with theexception of FBP of 75% ethanol-fuel blends). On this basis, it can beconcluded that Test Method D86 is
6、 applicable to ethanol-fuel blends suchas Ed75 and Ed85 (Specification D5798) or other ethanol-fuel blends withgreater than 10 v% ethanol. See ASTM RR: D021694 for supportingdata.21.2 The test method is designed for the analysis of distillatefuels; it is not applicable to products containing appreci
7、ablequantities of residual material.1.3 This test method covers both manual and automatedinstruments.1.4 Unless otherwise noted, the values stated in SI units areto be regarded as the standard. The values given in parenthesesare provided for information only.1.5 WARNINGMercury has been designated by
8、 manyregulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can causecentral nervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, orits vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive tomaterials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury andmercury containing products. See the applicable product Ma-teri
9、al Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPAswebsitehttp:/www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htmfor addi-tional information. Users should be aware that selling mercuryand/or mercury containing products into your state or countrymay be prohibited by law.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of th
10、esafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 All standards are subject to revision, and
11、parties toagreement on this test method are to apply the most recentedition of the standards indicated below, unless otherwisespecified, such as in contractual agreements or regulatory ruleswhere earlier versions of the method(s) identified may berequired.2.2 ASTM Standards:3D97 Test Method for Pour
12、 Point of Petroleum ProductsD323 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Prod-ucts (Reid Method)D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum, PetroleumProducts, and LubricantsD4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum andPet
13、roleum ProductsD4953 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Gasoline andGasoline-Oxygenate Blends (Dry Method)D5190 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Prod-ucts (Automatic Method)D5191 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Prod-ucts (Mini Method)D5798 Specification for Fuel Ethanol (Ed70-E
14、d85) forAutomotive Spark-Ignition EnginesD5842 Practice for Sampling and Handling of Fuels forVolatility Measurement1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.08 on Volatility.In the IP, th
15、e equivalent test method is published under the designation IP 123.It is under the jurisdiction of the Standardization Committee.Current edition approved May 15, 2010. Published July 2010. Originallyapproved in 1921. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D86091. DOI:10.1520/D0086-10.2Supporting
16、data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1694.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to
17、 the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.D5949 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products(Automati
18、c Pressure Pulsing Method)D5950 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products(Automatic Tilt Method)D5985 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products(Rotational Method)D6300 Practice for Determination of Precision and BiasData for Use in Test Methods for Petroleum Products andLubricantsE1 Sp
19、ecification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass ThermometersE77 Test Method for Inspection and Verification of Ther-mometersE1272 Specification for Laboratory Glass Graduated Cylin-dersE1405 Specification for Laboratory Glass DistillationFlasks2.3 Energy Institute Standards:4IP 69 Determination of Vapour Press
20、ureReid MethodIP 123 Petroleum ProductsDetermination of DistillationCharacteristicsIP 394 Determination of Air Saturated Vapour PressureIP Standard Methods for Analysis and Testing of Petroleumand Related Products 1996Appendix A3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 charge volume, nthe volume of the sp
21、ecimen, 100mL, charged to the distillation flask at the temperature speci-fied in Table 1.3.1.2 decomposition, nof a hydrocarbon, the pyrolysis orcracking of a molecule yielding smaller molecules with lowerboiling points than the original molecule.3.1.2.1 DiscussionCharacteristic indications of ther
22、maldecomposition are evolution of fumes and erratic temperaturereadings that usually decrease after any attempt is made toadjust the heat.3.1.3 decomposition point, nthe corrected thermometerreading that coincides with the first indications of thermaldecomposition of the liquid in the flask.3.1.3.1
23、DiscussionThe decomposition point, as deter-mined under the conditions of this test method, does notnecessarily correspond to the decomposition temperature inother applications.3.1.4 dry point, nthe corrected thermometer reading thatis observed at the instant the last drop of liquid (exclusive ofany
24、 drops or film of liquid on the side of the flask or on thetemperature sensor), evaporates from the lowest point in thedistillation flask.3.1.4.1 DiscussionThe end point (final boiling point),rather than the dry point, is intended for general use. The drypoint can be reported in connection with spec
25、ial purposenaphthas, such as those used in the paint industry. Also, it issubstituted for the end point (final boiling point) whenever thesample is of such a nature that the precision of the end point(final boiling point) cannot consistently meet the requirementsgiven in the precision section.3.1.5
26、dynamic holdup, nthe amount of material present inthe neck of the flask, in the sidearm of the flask, and in thecondenser tube during the distillation.3.1.6 emergent stem effect, nthe offset in temperaturereading caused by the use of total immersion mercury-in-glassthermometers in the partial immers
27、ion mode.3.1.6.1 DiscussionIn the partial immersion mode, a por-tion of the mercury thread, that is, the emergent portion, is ata lower temperature than the immersed portion, resulting in ashrinkage of the mercury thread and a lower temperaturereading.3.1.7 end point (EP) or final boiling point (FBP
28、), nthemaximum corrected thermometer reading obtained during thetest.3.1.7.1 DiscussionThis usually occurs after the evapora-tion of all liquid from the bottom of the flask. The termmaximum temperature is a frequently used synonym.3.1.8 front end loss, nloss due to evaporation duringtransfer from re
29、ceiving cylinder to distillation flask, vapor lossduring the distillation, and uncondensed vapor in the flask atthe end of the distillation.3.1.9 fuel ethanol (Ed75-Ed85)blend of ethanol and hy-drocarbon of which the ethanol portion is nominally 75 to 85volume % denatured fuel ethanol. D41754Availab
30、le from Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish St., London, WIG 7AR,U.K., http:/www.energyinst.org.uk.TABLE 1 Preparation of Apparatus and SpecimenGroup 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4Flask, mL 125 125 125 125ASTM distillation thermometer 7C (7F) 7C (7F) 7C (7F) 8C (8F)IP distillation thermometer range low lo
31、w low highFlask support board B B C Cdiameter of hole, mm 38 38 50 50Temperature at start of testFlask C 1318 1318 1318 not aboveF 5565 5565 5565 ambientFlask support and shield not above not above not aboveambient ambient ambientReceiving cylinder and sampleC 1318 1318 1318A13ambientAF 5565 5565 55
32、65A55ambientAASee 10.3.1.1 for exceptions.D861023.1.10 initial boiling point (IBP), nthe corrected ther-mometer reading that is observed at the instant the first drop ofcondensate falls from the lower end of the condenser tube.3.1.11 percent evaporated, nthe sum of the percent recov-ered and the per
33、cent loss.3.1.12 percent loss (or observed loss), none hundredminus the percent total recovery.3.1.12.1 corrected loss, npercent loss corrected for baro-metric pressure.3.1.13 percent recovered, nthe volume of condensateobserved in the receiving cylinder, expressed as a percentage ofthe charge volum
34、e, associated with a simultaneous temperaturereading.3.1.14 percent recovery, nthe maximum percent recov-ered, as observed in accordance with 10.18.3.1.14.1 corrected percent recovery, nthe percent recov-ery, adjusted for the difference between the observed loss andthe corrected loss, as described i
35、n Eq 8.3.1.14.2 percent total recovery, nthe combined percentrecovery and residue in the flask, as determined in accordancewith 11.1.3.1.15 percent residue, nthe volume of residue in theflask, measured in accordance with 10.19, and expressed as apercentage of the charge volume.3.1.16 rate of change
36、(or slope), nthe change in tempera-ture reading per percent evaporated or recovered, as describedin 13.2.3.1.17 temperature lag, nthe offset between the tempera-ture reading obtained by a temperature sensing device and thetrue temperature at that time.3.1.18 temperature measurement device, na thermo
37、meter,as described in 6.3.1, or a temperature sensor, as described in6.3.2.3.1.19 temperature reading, nthe temperature obtained bya temperature measuring device or system that is equal to thethermometer reading described in 3.1.20.3.1.19.1 corrected temperature reading, nthe temperaturereading, as
38、described in 3.1.19, corrected for barometricpressure.3.1.20 thermometer reading (or thermometer result), nthetemperature of the saturated vapor measured in the neck of theflask below the vapor tube, as determined by the prescribedthermometer under the conditions of the test.3.1.20.1 corrected therm
39、ometer reading, nthe thermom-eter reading, as described in 3.1.20, corrected for barometricpressure.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Based on its composition, vapor pressure, expected IBPor expected EP, or combination thereof, the sample is placed inone of four groups. Apparatus arrangement, condenser t
40、em-perature, and other operational variables are defined by thegroup in which the sample falls.4.2 A 100-mL specimen of the sample is distilled underprescribed conditions for the group in which the sample falls.The distillation is performed in a laboratory batch distillationunit at ambient pressure
41、under conditions that are designed toprovide approximately one theoretical plate fractionation. Sys-tematic observations of temperature readings and volumes ofcondensate are made, depending on the needs of the user of thedata. The volume of the residue and the losses are alsorecorded.4.3 At the conc
42、lusion of the distillation, the observed vaportemperatures can be corrected for barometric pressure and thedata are examined for conformance to procedural require-ments, such as distillation rates. The test is repeated if anyspecified condition has not been met.4.4 Test results are commonly expresse
43、d as percent evapo-rated or percent recovered versus corresponding temperature,either in a table or graphically, as a plot of the distillationcurve.5. Significance and Use5.1 The basic test method of determining the boiling rangeof a petroleum product by performing a simple batch distilla-tion has b
44、een in use as long as the petroleum industry hasexisted. It is one of the oldest test methods under the jurisdic-tion of ASTM Committee D02, dating from the time when itwas still referred to as the Engler distillation. Since the testmethod has been in use for such an extended period, atremendous num
45、ber of historical data bases exist for estimatingend-use sensitivity on products and processes.5.2 The distillation (volatility) characteristics of hydrocar-bons have an important effect on their safety and performance,especially in the case of fuels and solvents. The boiling rangegives information
46、on the composition, the properties, and thebehavior of the fuel during storage and use. Volatility is themajor determinant of the tendency of a hydrocarbon mixture toproduce potentially explosive vapors.5.3 The distillation characteristics are critically importantfor both automotive and aviation gas
47、olines, affecting starting,warm-up, and tendency to vapor lock at high operatingtemperature or at high altitude, or both. The presence of highboiling point components in these and other fuels can signifi-cantly affect the degree of formation of solid combustiondeposits.5.4 Volatility, as it affects
48、rate of evaporation, is an impor-tant factor in the application of many solvents, particularlythose used in paints.5.5 Distillation limits are often included in petroleum prod-uct specifications, in commercial contract agreements, processrefinery/control applications, and for compliance to regulator
49、yrules.6. Apparatus6.1 Basic Components of the Apparatus:6.1.1 The basic components of the distillation unit are thedistillation flask, the condenser and associated cooling bath, ametal shield or enclosure for the distillation flask, the heatsource, the flask support, the temperature measuring device,and the receiving cylinder to collect the distillate.6.1.2 Figs. 1 and 2 are examples of manual distillation units.6.1.3 In addition to the basic components described in 6.1.1,automated units also are equipped with a system to me
