1、Designation: D 244 04American Association StateHighway and Transportation Officials StandardAASHTO No.: T59Standard Test Methods and Practices forEmulsified Asphalts1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 244; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforigi
2、nal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of De
3、fense.1. Scope1.1 These test methods and practices, given under theheadings titled Composition, Consistency, Stability, and Ex-amination of Residue, cover the examination of asphalt emul-sions composed principally of a semisolid or liquid asphalticbase, water, and an emulsifying agent. The test meth
4、ods coverthe following tests:Test SectionsComposition:Water Content 4-10Residue and Oil Distillate by Distillation See Test MethodD 6997Residue by Evaporation See Test MethodD 6934Particle Charge of Cationic Emulsified Asphalts 11-16Consistency:Viscosity (Saybolt Furol) 17-21Stability:Demulsibility
5、See Test MethodD 6936Settlement See Test MethodD 6930Cement Mixing See Test MethodD 6935Sieve Test See Test MethodD 6933Aggregate Coating See PracticeD 6998Miscibility with Water See Test MethodD 6999Freezing See PracticeD 6929Coating Ability and Water Resistance 22-29Storage Stability of Asphalt Em
6、ulsion See Test MethodD 6930Examination of Residue 30-37Identification Test for Rapid Setting Cationic Emulsified Asphalt 38-45Identification of Cationic Slow Set Emulsions 46-51Field Coating Test on Emulsified Asphalts 52-57Emulsified Asphalt/Job Aggregate Coating Test 58-63Density of Emulsified As
7、phalt See Test MethodD 6937Residue by Low-Temperature Vacuum Distillation 64-691.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with
8、 its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C 778 Specification for Standard SandD5 Test Method for Penetration
9、of Bituminous MaterialsD70 Test Method for Specific Gravity and Density ofSemi-Solid Bituminous Materials (Pycnometer Method)D86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products atAtmospheric PressureD88 Test Method for Saybolt ViscosityD113 Test Method for Ductility of Bituminous MaterialsD 128 T
10、est Methods for Analysis of Lubricating GreaseD 139 Test Method for Float Test for Bituminous MaterialsD 140 Practice for Sampling Bituminous MaterialsD 977 Specification for Emulsified AsphaltD 2042 Test Method for Solubility of Asphalt Materials inTrichloroethyleneD 2397 Specification for Cationic
11、 Emulsified AsphaltD 3289 Test Method for Density of Semi-Solid and SolidBituminous Materials (Nickel Crucible Method)D 6929 Practice for Freezing of Emulsified AsphaltsD 6930 Test Method for Settlement and Storage Stability ofEmulsified AsphaltsD 6933 Test Method for Oversized Particles in Emulsifi
12、edAsphalts (Sieve Test)D 6934 Test Method for Residue of Emulsified AsphaltD 6935 Test Method for Determining Cement Mixing ofEmulsified AsphaltD 6936 Test Method for Determining Demulsibility ofEmulsified AsphaltD 6937 Test Method for Determining Density of EmulsifiedAsphaltD 6997 Test Method for D
13、istillation of Emulsified Asphalt1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D04 onRoad and Paving Materials and are the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD04.42 on Emulsified Asphalt Tests.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2004. Published December 2004. Originallyapproved in
14、1926. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as D 244 00.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Cop
15、yright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.D 6998 Practice for Evaluating Aggregate Coating UsingEmulsified AsphaltsD 6999 Practice for Miscibility of Emulsified AsphaltsE1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass ThermometersE11 Spec
16、ification for Wire Cloth and Sieves for TestingPurposesE 145 Specification for Gravity-Convection and Forced-Ventilation Ovens3. Sample Conditioning for Testing3.1 All emulsions with viscosity requirements of 50Cshould be heated to 50 6 3C in the original sample containerin a 71C water bath or oven.
17、 The container should be ventedto relieve pressure.After the sample reaches 50 6 3C, stir thesample to achieve homogeneity.COMPOSITIONWATER CONTENT4. Scope4.1 This test method covers the procedure for determiningthe water content of an emulsified asphalt by reflux distillationusing a water trap.5. S
18、ignificance and Use5.1 This test method measures the amount of water presentin the emulsified asphalt, as distinguished from either bitumenor petroleum solvent.6. Apparatus and Materials6.1 Metal StillThe metal still (Fig. 1(a) shall be a verticalcylindrical vessel, preferably of copper, having a fa
19、ced flangeat the top to which the head is tightly attached by means of aclamp. The head shall be made of metal, preferably brass orcopper, and shall be provided with a tubulation 25.4 mm (1 in.)in inside diameter.6.2 Glass StillThe glass still (Fig. 1(b) shall be a short-neck, round-bottom flask, ma
20、de of well-annealed glass, andhaving an approximate capacity of 500 mL.6.3 Heat SourceThe heat source used with the metal stillshall be a ring gas burner of 100-mm (4-in.) inside diameter oran electric mantle heater. The heat source for the glass stillshall be either an ordinary gas burner or an ele
21、ctric heater.6.4 CondenserThe condenser shall be a water-cooledreflux glass-tube type, having a jacket not less than 400 mm inlength, with an inner tube 9.5 to 12.7 mm in outside diameter.The end of the condenser shall be ground to an angle of 30 65 from the vertical axis of the condenser.A=45to55mm
22、 E=25to38mmB = 14 to 16 mm F = 186 to 194 mmC=12to16mm H=18to19mmD = 235 to 255 mmFIG. 1 Apparatus for Determining Water ContentD2440426.5 TrapThe trap shall be made of annealed glass con-structed in accordance with Fig. 1(c) and shall be graduated in0.10-mL divisions from 0 to 2 mL, and in 0.20-mL
23、divisionsfrom2to25mL.6.6 SolventXylol or other petroleum distillate conformingto the following distillation requirements: 98 % distills be-tween 120 and 250C. This distillation shall be conducted inaccordance with Test Method D86.7. Sample7.1 Obtain a representative sample of the material for testus
24、ing standard procedures as specified in Practice D 140.NOTE 1The difficulties in obtaining representative samples for thisdetermination are unusually great, so that the importance of samplingcannot be too strongly emphasized.8. Procedure8.1 When the material to be tested contains less than 25 %water
25、, place 100 6 0.1 g of sample in the still. When thematerial contains more than 25 % water, use a 50 6 0.1-gsample. Thoroughly mix the sample to be tested with 200 mLof solvent by swirling, taking proper care to avoid any loss ofmaterial.8.2 Connect the still, trap, and condenser by means oftight-fi
26、tting corks as shown in Fig. 1(a) or (b). Adjust the endof the condenser in the trap to a position which will allow theend to be submerged to a depth of not more than 1 mm belowthe surface of the liquid in the trap after distillation conditionshave been established. When using the metal still, inser
27、t aheavy paper gasket, moistened with the solvent, between thelid and flange before attaching the clamp.8.3 When the ring burner is used with the metal still, placeit about 76.2 mm above the bottom of the still at the beginningof the distillation, and gradually lower it as the distillationproceeds.
28、Regulate the heat so that the condensate falls fromthe end of the condenser at a rate of from 2 to 5 drops persecond. Continue the distillation at the specified rate until nowater is visible on any part of the apparatus and a constantvolume of water is obtained in the trap. Remove any persistentring
29、 of condensed water in the condenser tube by increasing therate of distillation for a few minutes.9. Calculation and Report9.1 Calculate the water content as follows:Water content, % 5 A/B!3 100 (1)where:A = volume of water in trap, mL, andB = original weight of sample, g.9.2 Report the result as “.
30、 water weight percent, ASTMD 244.”10. Precision and Bias10.1 The following criteria should be used for judging theacceptability of results (95 % probability):10.1.1 Duplicate results by the same operator should not beconsidered suspect unless they differ by more than the follow-ing amount:Water Cont
31、ent, weight % Repeatability, weight %30 to 50 0.810.1.2 The results submitted by each of two laboratoriesshould not be considered suspect unless they differ by morethan the following amount:Water Content, weight % Reproducibility, weight %30 to 50 2.0PARTICLE CHARGE OF CATIONIC EMULSIFIEDASPHALTS11.
32、 Scope11.1 This test method is used to identify cationic emulsions.Positively charged particles are classified as cationic.12. Significance and Use12.1 Cationic emulsions are identified by the migration ofthe particles to a negatively charged electrode (cathode) bymeans of a direct current.13. Appar
33、atus13.1 Current Source, of 12-V dc, a milliameter, and avariable resistor (see Fig. 2 and Fig. 3).13.2 ElectrodesTwo stainless steel plates, 25.4 mm by101.6 mm insulated from each other and rigidly held parallel12.7 mm apart (see Fig. 4).13.3 InsulatorPolytetrafluoroethylene resin square rod,virgin
34、 electrical grade, 12.7 mm thick (see Fig. 4).13.4 Beaker, 250 mL.13.5 Glass Rod, 101.6 mm long and 6.35 mm thick or othersuitable material or device that is capable of insulating andsuspending the electrode assembly in emulsion.13.6 Water Bath, capable of maintaining the required testingtemperature
35、 within the limits specified in this test method.13.7 Thermometer, ASTM No. 19C or 19F conforming tothe requirements of Specification E1.14. Procedure14.1 Heat the emulsion to be tested to 50 6 3C, in a 71 63C water bath. Stir the emulsion thoroughly to ensure unifor-mity of temperature.FIG. 2 Parti
36、cle Charge TesterD24404314.2 Pour the emulsion to be tested into the 250-mL beakerto a height that will allow the electrodes to be suspended 25.4mm in the emulsion. To facilitate suspension of the electrodes,insert the glass rod or equivalent between the two electrodesunder the insulator. Place the
37、ends of the glass rod orequivalent on the two opposite top edges of the beaker. Anapparatus capable of manual height adjustment to insulate andsuspend electrode assembly in emulsion may be used ifdesired.14.3 Connect the electrodes, that have been properlycleaned (Note 2), to the dc source.NOTE 2New
38、 electrodes and electrodes to be re-used should becleaned in the following sequence:1. Wash with distilled water,2. Wash with a suitable asphalt solvent,3. Wash with isopropyl or ethyl alcohol, and4. Wash with distilled water.14.4 Adjust the current to at least 8 mA with the variableresistor and sta
39、rt timing with a suitable timing device. (The 8mA is a minimum current value. Higher current levels may bespecified. The current used shall be reported.)14.5 When the current drops to 2 mA or at the end of 30min, whichever occurs first, disconnect the current source andgently wash the electrodes wit
40、h a smooth, thin stream ofdistilled water.14.6 Observe the asphalt deposit on the electrodes. Acationic emulsion will deposit a discernible amount of asphalton the cathode (negative electrode) while the anode (positiveelectrode) will be relatively clean.Any evidence of a deposit ofasphalt on the cat
41、hode which is clearly discernible whencompared to the anode is to be considered passing.NOTE 3If the emulsion does not produce conclusive results and it isa cationic slowsetting grade, then proceed to Section 46, “Identificationof Cationic SlowSet Emulsion.”15. Report15.1 Report the following inform
42、ation:15.1.1 Level of current used, and15.1.2 Whether the tested emulsion passes or fails asdefined in 14.6.16. Precision and Bias16.1 This test method, which requires subjective evaluationof test results and reporting of only two possible conditions,does not lend itself readily to a conventional st
43、atistical round-robin exercise. At present, there is no precision and biasstatement for this test method.C1500 F 25-V capacitor R4meter shunt (determined by type of meter used)D1silicon diode S12-pole, 3-position rotary switchR147 V, 1-W resistor T112.6-V filament transformerR25000 V potentiometer M
44、10 to 10-mA milliameterR36800 V,14-W resistorFIG. 3 Particle Charge Tester Circuit DiagramFIG. 4 InsulatorD244044CONSISTENCYVISCOSITY17. Scope17.1 This test method utilizes the Saybolt Furol viscometerto measure the consistency of an asphalt emulsion. It isapplicable to all the emulsions specified i
45、n SpecificationsD 977 and D 2397.18. Significance and Use18.1 Viscosity has significance in the use of asphalt emul-sions because it is a property which affects their utility. Whenused in application types of construction, the material must bethin enough to be uniformly applied through the spray bar
46、 ofdistributor, yet thick enough so that it will not flow from thecrown or grade of the road. For mixing grade emulsions, theviscosity may affect mixibility and resulting thickness of filmon the aggregate. The viscosity of many emulsions is affectedby shear. Therefore, strict adherence to test proce
47、dure isnecessary to achieve precision.19. Apparatus19.1 ViscometerA Saybolt Furol viscometer conformingto the requirements specified in Test Method D88.19.2 SieveA 850-m sieve or a 20-mesh strainer of wirecloth, framed or unframed.19.3 ThermometersASTM No. 17C or 17F for tests at25C andASTM No. 19F
48、or 19C for tests at 50C, conformingto the requirements of Specification E1.19.4 Water Bath, capable of maintaining the required testingtemperature within the limits specified in Table 2 of TestMethod D88.20. Procedure20.1 Tests at 25CStir the sample thoroughly withoutincorporating bubbles and pour i
49、t into a 118-mL bottle. Placethe bottle in the water bath at 25C for 30 min and mix thesample in the bottle by inverting it several times slowly enoughto prevent bubble formation. Pour the sample into the viscom-eter through the 850-m sieve or 20-mesh strainer, allowing asmall portion to flow through the outlet tube to waste. Place thecork in position, fill the viscometer and, without again stirringthe sample, determine the viscosity as prescribed in TestMethod D88.20.2 Tests at 50CClean and dry the viscometer and insertthe cork. Heat t
