1、Designation: D 2240 05Standard Test Method forRubber PropertyDurometer Hardness1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2240; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in pare
2、ntheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers twelve types of rubber hardnessmeasurement
3、devices known as durometers: Types A, B, C, D,DO, E, M, O, OO, OOO, OOO-S, and R. The procedure fordetermining indentation hardness of substances classified asthermoplastic elastomers, vulcanized (thermoset) rubber, elas-tomeric materials, cellular materials, gel-like materials, andsome plastics is
4、also described.1.2 This test method is not equivalent to other indentationhardness methods and instrument types, specifically thosedescribed in Test Method D 1415.1.3 This test method is not applicable to the testing ofcoated fabrics.1.4 All materials, instruments, or equipment used for thedetermina
5、tion of mass, force, or dimension shall have trace-ability to the National Institute for Standards and Technology,or other internationally recognized organizations parallel innature.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationon
6、ly. Many of the stated dimensions in SI are direct conver-sions from the U. S. Customary System to accommodate theinstrumentation, practices, and procedures that existed prior tothe Metric Conversion Act of 1975.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associa
7、ted with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 374 Test Methods for Thickness of Solid Electrical Insu-la
8、tionD 618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for TestingD 785 Test Method for Rockwell Hardness of Plastics andElectrical Insulating MaterialsD 1349 Practice for RubberStandard Temperatures forTestingD 1415 Test Method for Rubber PropertyInternationalHardnessD 4483 Practice for Determining Precision
9、 for Test MethodStandards in the Rubber and Carbon Black IndustriesF 1957 Test Method for Composite Foam Hardness-Durometer Hardness2.2 ISO Standard:3ISO/IEC 17025: 1999 General Requirements for the Com-petence of Testing and Calibration Laboratories3. Summary of Test Method3.1 This test method perm
10、its hardness measurements basedon either initial indentation or indentation after a specifiedperiod of time, or both. Durometers with maximum readingindicators used to determine maximum hardness values of amaterial may yield lower hardness when the maximum indi-cator is used.3.2 The procedures for T
11、ype M, or micro hardness durom-eters, accommodate specimens that are, by their dimensions orconfiguration, ordinarily unable to have their durometer hard-ness determined by the other durometer types described. TypeM durometers are intended for the testing of specimens havinga thickness or cross-sect
12、ional diameter of 1.25 mm (0.050 in.)or greater, although specimens of lesser dimensions may besuccessfully accommodated under the conditions specified inSection 6, and have a Type M durometer hardness rangebetween 20 and 90. Those specimens which have a durometerhardness range other than specified
13、shall use another suitableprocedure for determining durometer hardness.4. Significance and Use4.1 This test method is based on the penetration of a specifictype of indentor when forced into the material under specifiedconditions. The indentation hardness is inversely related to thepenetration and is
14、 dependent on the elastic modulus andviscoelastic behavior of the material. The geometry of the1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D11 on Rubberand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D11.10 on Physical Testing.Current edition approved Aug. 15, 2005. Published Sept
15、ember 2005. Originallyapproved in 1964. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as D 224004e1.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document
16、Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1 rue deVaremb, Case postale 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.indentor and the a
17、pplied force influence the measurementssuch that no simple relationship exists between the measure-ments obtained with one type of durometer and those obtainedwith another type of durometer or other instruments used formeasuring hardness. This test method is an empirical testintended primarily for c
18、ontrol purposes. No simple relationshipexists between indentation hardness determined by this testmethod and any fundamental property of the material tested.For specification purposes, it is recommended that Test MethodD 785 be used for materials other than those described in 1.1.5. Apparatus5.1 Har
19、dness Measuring Apparatus, or Durometer, and anOperating Stand, Type 1, Type 2, or Type 3 (see 5.1.2)consisting of the following components:5.1.1 Durometer:5.1.1.1 Presser Foot, the configuration and the total area ofa durometer presser foot may produce varying results whenthere are significant diff
20、erences between them. It is recom-mended that when comparing durometer hardness determina-tions of the same type (see 4.1), that the comparisons bebetween durometers of similar presser foot configurations andtotal area, and that the presser foot configuration and size benoted in the Hardness Measure
21、ment Report (see 10.2.4 and5.1.1.3).5.1.1.2 Presser Foot, Types A, B, C, D, DO, E, O, OO,OOO, and OOO-S, with an orifice (to allow for the protrusionof the indentor) having a diameter as specified in Fig. 1 (a, b,c, d, e, f, and g), with the center a minimum of 6.0 mm (0.24in.) from any edge of the
22、foot. When the presser foot is not ofa flat circular design, the area shall not be less than 500mm2(19.7 in.2).NOTE 1The Type OOO and the Type OOO-S, designated herein,differ in their indentor configuration, spring force, and the resultsobtained. See Table 1 and Fig. 1 (e and g).5.1.1.3 Presser Foot
23、flat circular designs designated asType xR, where x is the standard durometer designation and Rindicates the flat circular press foot described herein, forexample, Type aR, dR, and the like. The presser foot, having acentrally located orifice (to allow for the protrusion of theindentor) of a diamete
24、r as specified in Fig. 1 (a through g). Theflat circular presser foot shall be 18 6 0.5 mm (0.71 6 0.02 in.)in diameter. These durometer types shall be used in anoperating stand (see 5.1.2).(a) Durometers having a presser foot configuration otherthan that indicated in 5.1.1.3 shall not use the Type
25、xRdesignation, and it is recommended that their presser footconfiguration and size be stated in the Hardness MeasurementReport (see 10.2.4).5.1.1.4 Presser Foot, Type M, with a centrally locatedorifice (to allow for the protrusion of the indentor), having adiameter as specified in Fig. 1 (d), with t
26、he center a minimumof 1.60 mm (0.063 in.) from any edge of the flat circularpresser foot. The Type M durometer shall be used in a Type 3operating stand (see 5.1.2.4).5.1.1.5 Indentor, formed from steel rod and hardened to 500HV10 and shaped in accordance with Fig. 1 (a, b, c, d, e, or g),polished ov
27、er the contact area so that no flaws are visible under203 magnification, with an indentor extension of 2.50 6 0.04mm (0.098 6 0.002 in.).5.1.1.6 Indentor, Type OOO-S, formed from steel rod andhardened to 500 HV10, shaped in accordance with Fig. 1 (f),polished over the contact area so that no flaws a
28、re visible under203 magnification, with an indentor extension of 5.00 6 0.04mm (0.198 6 0.002 in.).5.1.1.7 Indentor, Type M, formed from steel rod and hard-ened to 500 HV10 and shaped in accordance with Fig. 1 (d),polished over the contact area so that no flaws are visible under503 magnification, wi
29、th an indentor extension of 1.25 6 0.02mm (0.049 6 0.001 in.).5.1.1.8 Indentor Extension Indicator, analog or digital elec-tronic, having a display that is an inverse function of theindentor extension so that:(1) The display shall indicate from 0 to 100 with no lessthan 100 equal divisions throughou
30、t the range at a rate of onehardness point for each 0.025 mm (0.001 in.) of indentormovement,FIG. 1 (a) Type A and C IndentorD2240052(2) The display for Type OOO-S durometers shall indicatefrom 0 to 100 with no less than 100 equal divisions throughoutthe range at a rate of one hardness point for eac
31、h 0.050 mm(0.002 in.) of indentor movement,(3) The display for Type M durometers shall indicate from0 to 100 with no less than 100 equal divisions at a rate of onehardness point for each 0.0125 mm (0.0005 in.) of indentormovement, and(4) In the case of analog dial indicators having a display of360,
32、the points indicating 0 and 100 may be at the same pointon the dial and indicate 0, 100, or both.5.1.1.9 Timing Device (optional), capable of being set to adesired elapsed time, signaling the operator or holding thehardness reading when the desired elapsed time has beenreached. The timer shall be au
33、tomatically activated when thepresser foot is in contact with the specimen being tested, forexample, the initial indentor travel has ceased. Digital elec-tronic durometers may be equipped with electronic timingdevices that shall not affect the indicated reading or determi-nations attained by more th
34、an one-half of the calibrationtolerance stated in Table 1.5.1.1.10 Maximum Indicators (optional), maximum indicat-ing pointers are auxiliary analog indicating hands designed toremain at the maximum hardness value attained until reset byFIG. 1 (b) Type B and D Indentor (continued)FIG. 1 (c) Type O, D
35、O, and OO Indentor (continued)FIG. 1 (d) Type M Indentor (continued)D2240053the operator. Electronic maximum indicators are digital dis-plays electronically indicating and maintaining the maximumvalue hardness valued achieved until reset by the operator.5.1.1.11 Analog maximum indicating pointers ha
36、ve beenshown to have a nominal effect on the values attained,however, this effect is greater on durometers of lesser totalmainspring loads; for example, the effect of a maximumindicating pointer on Type D durometer determinations will beless than those determinations achieved using a Type Adurometer
37、. Analog style durometers may be equipped withmaximum indicating pointers. The effect of a maximumindicating pointer shall be noted at the time of calibration in thecalibration report (see 10.1.5), and when reporting hardnessdeterminations (see 10.2.4). Analog Type M, OO, OOO, andType OOO-S duromete
38、rs shall not be equipped with maximumindicating pointers.5.1.1.12 Digital electronic durometers may be equippedwith electronic maximum indicators that shall not affect theindicated reading or determinations attained by more than onehalf of the spring calibration tolerance stated in Table 1.5.1.1.13
39、Calibrated Spring, for applying force to the inden-tor, in accordance with Fig. 1 (a through g) and capable ofapplying the forces as specified in Table 1.5.1.2 Operating Stand (Fig. 2):5.1.2.1 Type 1, Type 2, and Type 3 shall be capable ofsupporting the durometer presser foot surface parallel to the
40、specimen support table (Fig. 3) throughout the travel of each.The durometer presser foot to specimen support table parallel-ism shall be verified each time the test specimen support tableis adjusted to accommodate specimens of varying dimensions.This may be accomplished by applying the durometer pre
41、sserfoot to the point of contact with the specimen support table andmaking adjustments by way of the durometer mounting assem-bly or as specified by the manufacturer.5.1.2.2 Operating Stand, Type 1 (specimen to indentortype), shall be capable of applying the specimen to the indentorin a manner that
42、minimizes shock.5.1.2.3 Operating Stand, Type 2 (indentor to specimentype), shall be capable of controlling the rate of descent of theindentor to the specimen at a maximum of 3.20 mm/s (0.125FIG. 1 (e) Type OOO Indentor (continued)FIG. 1 (f) Type OOO-S Indentor (continued)D2240054in./s) and applying
43、 a force sufficient to overcome the calibratedspring force as shown in Table 1.5.1.2.4 Operating Stand, Type 3 (indentor to specimentype), hydraulic dampening, pneumatic dampening, or electro-mechanical (required for the operation of Type M durometers)shall be capable of controlling the rate of desc
44、ent of theindentor to the specimen at a maximum of 3.2 mm/s (0.125in./s) and applying a force sufficient to overcome the calibratedspring force as shown in Table 1. Manual application, Type 1or Type 2 operating stands are not acceptable for Type Mdurometer operation.5.1.2.5 The entire instrument sho
45、uld be plumb and level,and resting on a surface that will minimize vibration. Operatingthe instrument under adverse conditions will negatively affectthe determinations attained.5.1.2.6 Specimen Support Table,(Fig. 3) integral to theoperating stand, and having a solid flat surface. The specimensuppor
46、t platform may have orifices designed to accept variousinserts or support fixtures (Fig. 3) to provide for the support ofirregularly configured specimens. When inserts are used tosupport test specimens, care must be taken to align the indentorto the center of the insert, or the point at which the in
47、dentor isto contact the specimen. Care should be exercised to assure thatthe indentor does not abruptly contact the specimen supporttable as damage to the indentor may result.6. Test Specimen6.1 The test specimen, herein referred to as “specimen” or“test specimen” interchangeably, shall be at least
48、6.0 mm (0.24in.) in thickness unless it is known that results equivalent to the6.0-mm (0.24-in.) values are obtained with a thinner specimen.6.1.1 Aspecimen may be composed of plied pieces to obtainthe necessary thickness, but determinations made on suchspecimens may not agree with those made on sol
49、id specimens,as the surfaces of the plied specimens may not be in completecontact. The lateral dimensions of the specimen shall besufficient to permit measurements at least 12.0 mm (0.48 in.)from any edge, unless it is known that identical results areobtained when measurements are made at a lesser distancefrom an edge.6.1.2 The surfaces of the specimen shall be flat and parallelover an area to permit the presser foot to contact the specimenover an area having a radius of at least 6.0 mm (0.24 in.) fromthe indentor point. The specimen shall be suitably supported toprovide for p
