1、Designation: D2187 94 (Reapproved 2009)1D2187 17Standard Test Methods and Practices forEvaluating Physical and Chemical Properties of ParticulateIon-Exchange Resins1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2187; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforigin
2、al adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1 NOTEA typo was editorially corrected in Section 47.7 in March 2010.1. Scope
3、1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the physical and chemical properties of ion-exchange resins when used forthe treatment of water. They are intended for use in testing both new and used materials. The following thirteen test methods areincluded:These test methods cover the determinat
4、ion of the physical and chemical properties of ion-exchange resins when used for thetreatment of water. They are intended for use in testing both new and used materials. The following thirteen test methods areincluded:SectionsTest Method APretreatment 6 10Test Practice APretreatment 6 10Test Method
5、BWater Retention Capacity 11 17Test Method BWater Retention Capacity 11 18Test Method CBackwashed and Settled Density 18 24Test Method CBackwashed and Settled Density 19 26Test Method DParticle Size Distribution 25 32Test Method DParticle Size Distribution 27 35Test Method ESalt-Splitting Capacity o
6、f Cation-Exchange Resins33 41Test Method ESalt-Splitting Capacity of Cation-ExchangeResins36 45Test Method FTotal Capacity of Cation-ExchangeResins42 50Test Method FTotal Capacity of Cation-ExchangeResins46 55Test Method GPercent Regeneration of Hydrogen-Form Cation-Exchange Resins51 58Test Method G
7、Percent Regeneration of Hydrogen-FormCation-Exchange Resins56 64Test Method HTotal and Salt-Splitting Capacity ofAnion-Exchange Resins59 66Test Method HTotal and Salt-Splitting Capacity ofAnion-Exchange Resins65 73Test Method IPercent Regeneration of AnionExchange Resins67 75Test Practice IPercent R
8、egeneration of AnionExchange Resins74 82Test Method JIonic Chloride Content of Anion-Exchange Resins76 83Test Practice JIonic Chloride Content of Anion-ExchangeResins83 90Test Method KCarbonate Content of Anion-Exchange Resins84 91Test Method KCarbonate Content of Anion-ExchangeResins91 991 These te
9、st methods and practices are under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D19 on Water and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D19.08 on Membranesand Ion Exchange Materials.Current edition approved May 1, 2009Aug. 1, 2017. Published June 2009August 2017. Originally approved in 1963. Last previo
10、us edition approved in 20042009 asD2187 94 (2009)1 (2004). . DOI: 10.1520/D2187-94R09E01.10.1520/D2187-17.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be tech
11、nically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO
12、Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1Test Method LSulfate Content of Anion ExchangeResins92 99Test Method LSulfate Content of Anion ExchangeResins100 108Test Method MTotal Anion Capacity of Anion-Exchange Resins100 108Test Practice MTotal Anion Capacity of Anion-ExchangeResins10
13、9 1171.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound units values given in parentheses are forinformation only.mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not consideredstandard.1.3 This standard does not purport to
14、 address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health and healthenvironmental practices and determine theapplicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary st
15、atements are given in Section 10.8.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Or
16、ganization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1129 Terminology Relating to WaterD1193 Specification for Reagent WaterD1293 Test Methods for pH of WaterD2687 Practices for Sampling Particulate Ion-Exchange MaterialsD2777 Practice for Determination
17、of Precision and Bias of Applicable Test Methods of Committee D19 on WaterE11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test Sieves3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsDefinitions: For definitions of terms used in these test methods refer to Terminology D1129.3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in t
18、hese standards, refer to Terminology D1129.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 anion-exchange materialan ion-exchange material capable of the reversible exchange of negatively charged ions.3.2.2 cation-exchange materialan ion-exchange material capable of the reversible exchange
19、of positively charged ions.3.2.3 ion-exchange resina synthetic organic ion-exchange material.3.2.4 mixed beda physical mixture of anion-exchange material and cation-exchange material.4. Reagents4.1 Purity of ReagentsReagent grade chemicals shall be used in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it i
20、s intended that allreagents shall conform to the specifications of the Committee on Analytical Reagents of the American Chemical Society, wheresuch specifications are available.3 Other grades may be used, provided it is first ascertained that the reagent is of sufficiently highpurity to permit its u
21、se without lessening the accuracy of the determination.4.2 Purity of WaterUnless otherwise indicated, references to water shall be understood to mean Type IV reagent waterdescribed in Specification D1193.5. Sampling5.1 Obtain a representative sample of the ion-exchange resin in accordance with Pract
22、ices D2687.5.2 A minimum sample size of 1 L is recommended for a complete testing program.TEST METHODPRACTICE APRETREATMENT6. Scope6.1 This test method covers the conversion of ion-exchange resins to a known ionic form and is intended for application to bothnew and used material.2 For referencedASTM
23、 standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 Reagent Chemicals, American Chemical Society Specifications, American Chemical
24、Society, Washington, DC. For suggestions on the testing of reagents not listed bythe American Chemical Society, see Analar Standards for Laboratory Chemicals, BDH Ltd., Poole, Dorset, U.K., and the United States Pharmacopeia and NationalFormulary, U.S. Pharmaceutical Convention, Inc. (USPC), Rockvil
25、le, MD.D2187 1726. Scope6.1 This test practice covers the conversion of ion-exchange resins to a known ionic form and is intended for application to bothnew and used material.7. Significance and Use7.1 The ionic form of an ion-exchange material affects both its equivalent mass and its equilibrium wa
26、ter content. These in turninfluence the numerical values obtained in exchange capacity determinations, in density measurements, and in the size of theparticles. To provide a uniform basis for comparison, therefore, the sample should be converted to a known ionic form beforeanalysis. This procedure p
27、rovides for the conversion of cation-exchange materials to the sodium form and anion-exchangematerials to the chloride form prior to analysis. These forms are chosen since they permit samples to be weighed and dried withoutconcern for air contamination or decomposition. If other ionic forms are used
28、 this fact should be noted in reporting the results.8. Apparatus8.1 Pretreatment Apparatus (See(see Fig. 1):8.1.1 Column, transparent, vertically-supported, 25 6 2.5 mm (1.0 6 0.1 in.) inside diameter and approximately 1500 mm (60in.) long. The bottom of the column shall be closed and provided with
29、an outlet of approximately 6-mm inside diameter.Connections shall be provided at top and bottom for admission and removal of solutions as described in Section 10. Adequatemeans for measuring and regulating flow shall be provided. Calibrate the column in such a manner that the volume readingsrequired
30、 by the method test practice can be made. Make all measurements at 25 6 5C.8.1.2 Support, for the sample, so designed that the distance from the sample to the column outlet is at least 50 mm. Suggestedsupports are corrosion-resistant screen or porous plate.8.2 Draining Apparatus (Fig. 2):8.2.1 Buchn
31、er-Type Funnel, containing a 125-mm filter paper and supported in a 1-L suction flask.8.2.2 Open-Arm Mercury Manometer, connected by a T-tube to a vacuum train.8.2.3 Gas-Humidifying Tower, of at least 500 mL capacity, two thirds filled with glass beads or similar material.8.2.4 Vacuum Pump, capable
32、of creating a pressure differential 40 mm Hg below atmospheric pressure.9. Reagents9.1 Hydrochloric Acid (1 + 9)Carefully pour 100 mL of hydrochloric acid (HCl, sp gr 1.19) into 900 mL of water, stirringconstantly. Cool to 25 6 5C.FIG. 1 Typical Arrangement of Apparatus for Pretreatment of Ion-Excha
33、nge MaterialsD2187 1739.2 Sodium Chloride Solution (100 g/L)Dissolve 100.0 g of sodium chloride (NaCl) in 800 mL of water and dilute to 1 L.9.3 Sodium Chloride Solution (240 g/L)Dissolve 240 g of sodium chloride (NaCl) in 800 mL of water and dilute to 1 L.9.4 Sodium Hydroxide Solution (40 g/L)Dissol
34、ve 40.0 g of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) in 800 mL of water. Cool and diluteto 1 L.9.5 Thymol Blue Indicator SolutionDissolve 0.1 g of thymol blue (thymol sulfonphthalein) in 10.75 mL of 0.02 N NaOHsolution. Dilute to 250 mL with water.9.6 Tropaeolin O Indicator SolutionDissolve 0.10 g of tropaeolin O (
35、p-benzene-sulfonic acid-azoresorcinol) in 50 mL ofwater and dilute to 100 mL in a volumetric flask.10. Procedure10.1 Adjust the temperature of the water and all solutions to be used in the procedure to 25 6 5C and maintain this temperaturethroughout the test.10.2 Transfer the entire sample as receiv
36、ed to a 2-L beaker using water to rinse out the container. Adjust the water level to thesample level. Let stand a minimum of 1 h. Mix thoroughly and transfer a representative sample to fill a 400-mL beaker.10.3 Fill the pretreatment column one half full of water. Transfer the entire contents of the
37、400-mL beaker to the column usingadditional water if necessary.10.4 Backwash with water using a flow rate that will maintain a 50 % expansion of the bed. Adjust the backwash outlet tubeto a height above the bed equal to 75 % of the bed height. Continue backwashing for a minimum of 10 min or until th
38、e effluentis clear. For mixed bed samples proceed in accordance with 10.5. For single component samples, proceed in accordance with 10.6.10.5 If the sample is a mixed bed, displace the backwash water from the bed by slowly introducing NaCl solution (100 g/L)at the bottom of the column and allowing i
39、t to flow upward through the sample. When the water has been displaced, increase theflow rate until the anion-exchange resin is separated from and suspended above the cation-exchange resin. Lower the backwashoutlet tube as required to siphon off the anion-exchange resin, collecting it in a separate
40、pretreatment apparatus. Exercise care toprevent the removal of cation-exchange resin in this operation. When the transfer of the anion-exchange resin is complete,discontinue the flow of NaCl solution. If the separation of anion and cation-exchange resins has not been complete and a mixedband is left
41、 in the center, repeat the siphoning procedure to remove this band from the cation-portion of the sample. This mixedmaterial that should not constitute more than 5 % of the original sample volume, is not included in subsequent tests. If more than5 % of the sample remains unseparated, the separation
42、should be repeated using NaCl solution (240 g/L). In either case proceedwith the separated anion and cation components as separate samples as described in 10.6.10.6 Allow the resin to settle until the liquid level is 20 to 30 mm above the top of the bed, and estimate its volume. Pass NaClsolution (1
43、00 g/L) downflow through the single component sample or the separated components of the mixed bed resin at theapproximate rate of 0.133 mL/min/mL of sample for 1 h. Discontinue the flow of NaCl solution. Backwash with water for 10 minat a flow rate sufficient to maintain a 50 % expansion of the bed.
44、 Discontinue the flow of water.FIG. 2 Typical Arrangement of Water-Draining ApparatusD2187 17410.7 Allow the bed to settle and then drain off the water at a rate of approximately 100 mL/min until the water level is 20 to30 mm above the top of the bed. Estimate the volume of ion-exchange resin in mil
45、lilitres.10.8 Determine the amount of reagent and the flow rate required for the initial pretreatment from Table 1 using the samplevolume determined in 10.7. (WarningSwelling of the resin in the column may occur in subsequent steps.)10.9 Pass the specified volume of reagent through the bed at the sp
46、ecified rate until only a 20 or 30 mm layer of liquid remainsabove the bed. Rinse the bed with two sample volumes of water at the same rate.10.10 Determine the amount of reagent and the flow rate required for the second pretreatment from Table 2 using the samplevolume determined in 10.7. Note that t
47、his second pretreatment is not used for some methods.10.11 Pass the specified volume of reagent through a bed at the specified rate until only a 20 to 30-mm layer of liquid remainsabove the bed. Rinse the bed with one sample volume of water at the same rate. Increase the rinse rate to 100 mL/min. Ri
48、nse for15 min. Thereafter test successive 100-mL portions of the effluent from anion-exchange resins by adding two drops of thymol blueindicator solution. Continue rinsing until a 100 mL portion of the effluent remains yellow (pH 2.5) on the addition of theindicator. Test the effluent from the catio
49、n-exchange resins in the same manner with two drops of tropaeolin-O indicator solution.Continue rinsing until a 100-mL portion of the effluent remains yellow (pH 11.0)3 on the addition of the indicator.10.12 Remove the ion-exchange resin from the pretreatment column, discarding any extraneous material that may haveaccumulated at the bottom of the bed. Transfer the resin to the Buchner funnel of the draining apparatus that has been fitted witha medium porosity filter paper. Drain
