1、Designation: D1056 14Standard Specification forFlexible Cellular MaterialsSponge or Expanded Rubber1,2This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1056; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revis
2、ion. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers flexible cellul
3、ar rubber prod-ucts known as sponge rubber and expanded rubber, but doesnot apply to latex foam rubber or ebonite cellular rubber. Thebase material for an open/closed cellular product may be madeof synthetic, natural, or reclaimed rubber, or a mixture, andmay contain other polymers or chemicals, or
4、both, which maybe modified by organic or inorganic additives. These elasto-meric materials have properties similar to those of vulcanizedrubber, namely (1) the ability to be converted from a thermo-plastic to a thermosetting state by crosslinking (vulcanization)or (2) the substantial recovery of the
5、ir original shapes whenstrained or elongated, or both.1.2 Extruded or molded shapes of sizes too small for cuttingstandard test specimens are difficult to classify or test by thesemethods and will usually require special testing procedures.1.3 In case of conflict between the provisions of this gener
6、alspecification and those of detailed specifications or test meth-ods for a particular product, the latter shall take precedence.Reference to the test methods in this specification shouldspecifically state the particular test or tests desired.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regar
7、dedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.5 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to thetest methods portions of this specification:This standard doesnot purport to addre
8、ss all of the safety concerns, if any,associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of thisstandard to establish appropriate safety and health practicesand determine the applicability of regulatory limitations priorto use.NOTE 1ISO 6916-1 is similar to this specification.2. Reference
9、d Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D395 Test Methods for Rubber PropertyCompression SetD412 Test Methods for Vulcanized Rubber and Thermoplas-tic ElastomersTensionD471 Test Method for Rubber PropertyEffect of LiquidsD573 Test Method for RubberDeterioration in an AirOvenD575 Test Methods for Rubber Prope
10、rties in CompressionD624 Test Method for Tear Strength of Conventional Vul-canized Rubber and Thermoplastic ElastomersD832 Practice for Rubber Conditioning For Low Tempera-ture TestingD883 Terminology Relating to PlasticsD1171 Test Method for Rubber DeteriorationSurfaceOzone Cracking Outdoors or Cha
11、mber (Triangular Speci-mens)D2632 Test Method for Rubber PropertyResilience byVertical ReboundD3182 Practice for RubberMaterials, Equipment, and Pro-cedures for Mixing Standard Compounds and PreparingStandard Vulcanized SheetsD3183 Practice for RubberPreparation of Pieces for TestPurposes from Produ
12、ctsD5132 Test Method for Horizontal Burning Rate of Poly-meric Materials Used in Occupant Compartments ofMotor Vehicles2.2 ISO Standard:4ISO 6916-1 Flexible Cellular Polymeric Materials: Spongeand Expanded Cellular Rubber ProductsSpecificationPart 1 Sheet1This specification is under the jurisdiction
13、 of ASTM Committee D20 onPlastics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.22 on CellularMaterials - Plastics and Elastomers.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department ofDefense to replace Methods 12001, 12005, 12011, 12021, 12031, 12041, 12151,and 12411 of Fed
14、eral Test Method Standard No. 601.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department ofDefense to replace MIL-STD-670 and MIL-STD-C 3133, which were discontinuedin 1986.Current edition approved March 1, 2014. Published April 2014. Originallyapproved in 1949. Last previous edition
15、approved in 2007 as D1056 - 07. DOI:10.1520/D1056-14.2This version supersedes all prior versions of this specification.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer
16、to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Driv
17、e, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsSee Terminology D883.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 cellular materiala generic term for materials con-taining many cells (either open or closed, or both) dispersedthroughout the mas
18、s.3.2.2 closed cella product whose cells are totally enclosedby its walls and hence not interconnecting with other cells.3.2.3 expanded rubbercellular rubber having closed cellsmade from a solid rubber compound.3.2.4 flexible cellular materiala flexible cellular organicpolymeric material that will n
19、ot rupture within 60 s when aspecimen 8 by 1 by 1 in. (200 by 25 by 25 mm) is bent arounda 1-in. (25-mm) diameter mandrel at a uniform rate of 1 lap/5s in the form of a helix at a temperature between 65 and 85F(18 and 29C).3.2.5 open cella product whose cells are not totallyenclosed by its walls and
20、 open to the surface, either directly orby interconnecting with other cells.3.2.6 rubbera material that is capable of recovering fromlarge deformations quickly and forcibly, and can be, or alreadyis, modified to a state in which it is essentially insoluble (butcan swell) in boiling solvent (such as
21、benzene, methyl ethylketone, and ethanol-toluene azeotrope).3.2.6.1 DiscussionA rubber in its modified state, free ofdiluents, retracts within 1 min to less than 1.5 times its originallength after being stretched at room temperature 68 to 80.6Fto twice its length and held for 1 min before release.3.
22、2.7 skinthe textured outer surface on the materialformed during manufacture by contact with molds, cover plate,air, or other curing medium.3.2.7.1 DiscussionNormally, this skin is formed by con-tact with the mold or cover plates during manufacture. Moldedopen-cell (sponge) parts usually have a skin
23、on all surfaces,except when cut to length from longer strips. Parts made bycutting from open-cell (sponge) sheets usually have skin ontwo faces and open cells at the cut edges. Closed-cell (ex-panded) rubber sheets are frequently split from thicker piecesand consequently do not have the skin faces.
24、On some productsit is desirable to add a solid rubber skin coating. The use towhich the cellular rubber product is to be put determines thethickness of added skin required. Products subject to abrasionor open-cell (sponge) rubber that must withstand absorption ofwater or transmission of gases will o
25、rdinarily require anapplied skin coating. Closed-cell (expanded) rubber does notusually require an added skin for these reasons.3.2.8 sponge rubbercellular rubber consisting predomi-nantly of open cells made from a solid rubber compound.4. Classification (Types, Classes, Grades, and SuffixLetters)4.
26、1 TypesThese specifications cover two types of cellularrubber designated by the prefix numbers 1 and 2.4.1.1 Type 1Open-cell rubber.4.1.2 Type 2Closed-cell rubber.4.1.3 See Section 3 for definitions of open and closed cell.4.2 ClassesBoth types are divided into four classes des-ignated by the letter
27、s A, B, C, and D added to the numberprefix. Basic requirements for classes are found in Tables 1 and2.4.2.1 Class ACellular rubber made from synthetic rubber,natural rubber, reclaimed rubber, or rubber-like materials,alone or in combination, where specific resistance to the actionof petroleum base o
28、ils is not required.4.2.2 Class BCellular rubber made from synthetic rubberor rubber-like materials alone or in combination, havingspecific requirements for oil resistance with low mass change.4.2.3 Class CCellular rubber made from synthetic rubberor rubber-like materials alone or in combination, ha
29、vingspecific requirements for oil resistance with medium masschange.4.2.4 Class DCellular rubber made from synthetic rubberor rubber-like materials alone or in combination having spe-cific requirements for extreme temperature resistance 103 to347F (75 to 175C); but specific resistance to the action
30、ofpetroleum-base oils is not required.4.3 GradesEach type and class has been divided into anumber of different grades. Each grade is based on a specificrange of firmness as expressed by compression-deflection (seeSections 19 to 23). Grades are designated by digit, the softergrades being identified w
31、ith the lower numbers and the highergrades being identified with the higher numbers.4.3.1 Grade 0For Types 1 and 2 cellular rubber, acompression-deflection range from 0 to 2 psi (0 to 13.8 kPa).4.3.2 Grade 1For Types 1 and 2 cellular rubber, acompression-deflection range from 2 to 5 psi (13.8 to 34.
32、5kPa).4.3.3 Grade 2For Types 1 and 2 cellular rubber, acompression-deflection range from 5 to 9 psi (34.5 to 62.1kPa).4.3.4 Grade 3For Types 1 and 2 cellular rubber, acompression-deflection range from 9 to 13 psi (62.1 to 89.6kPa).4.3.5 Grade 4For Types 1 and 2 cellular rubber, acompression-deflecti
33、on range from 13 to 17 psi (89.6 to 117.2kPa).4.3.6 Grade 5For Types 1 and 2 cellular rubber, acompression-deflection range from 17 to 25 psi (117.2 to 172.4kPa).NOTE 2For conversion of types, classes, and grades to previousversions of Specification D1056, see Appendix X1.5. Materials and Manufactur
34、e5.1 Sponge RubberSponge rubber is made by incorporat-ing into the compound a blowing agent, such as sodiumbicarbonate, that gives off a gas which expands the mass duringthe vulcanization process. Sponge rubber is manufactured insheet, strip, molded, or special shapes. Unless otherwisespecified, she
35、et and strip sponge rubber shall have a naturalskin on both the top and bottom surfaces. Fabric surfaceimpressions are ordinarily not objectionable. The coarseness ofthe impressions shall be agreed upon between the partiesconcerned.D1056 1425.2 Expanded RubberClosed-cell rubber is made by in-corpora
36、ting gas-forming ingredients in the rubber compound,or by subjecting the compound to high-pressure gas, such asnitrogen. Expanded rubber is manufactured in sheet, strip,molded, tube, cord, and profile shapes by molding or extruding.Unless otherwise specified, the presence of skin on the top orbottom
37、 surfaces of sheet and strip expanded rubber shall beoptional. Extruded shapes have skin on all surfaces except cutends.TABLE 1 Physical Requirements of Cellular Rubbers, Type 1, Open-Cell SpongeBasic RequirementsGrade NumberCompression Deflection, 25 %Deflection (Limits), psi (kPa)Compression Defle
38、ction afterOven Aging, Change from OriginalOil-Aged 22 h at 158F(70C), Change in Volumein ASTM Oil No. 3 (IRM903) (Limits),%Compression Set, 50 %Deflection, max,%Low-TemperatureFlex, 5 h at67F(55C)168 h at 158F(70C)22 h at 302F(150C)22 h at 158F(70C)22 h at 212F(100C)Class A, Non-oil-Resistant1A0 le
39、ss than 2 (13.8) 20A. . 15 . .1A1 2 to 5 (13.8 to 34.5) 20 . . 15 . .1A2 5 to 9 (34.5 to 62.1) 20 . . 15 . .1A3 9 to 13 (62.1 to 89.6) 20 . . 15 . .1A4 13 to 17 (89.6 to 117.2) 20 . . 15 . .1A5 17 to 25 (117.2 to 172.4) 20 . . 15 . .Class B, Oil-Resistant, Low Mass ChangeB1B0 less than 2 (13.8) 20A.
40、 25 to + 10 40 . .1B1 2 to 5 (13.8 to 34.5) 20 . 25 to + 10 40 . .1B2 5 to 9 (34.5 to 62.1) 20 . 25 to + 10 40 . .1B3 9 to 13 (62.1 to 89.6) 20 . 25 to + 10 40 . .1B4 13 to 17 (89.6 to 117.2) 20 . 25 to + 10 40 . .1B5 17 to 25 (117.2 to 172.4) 20 . 25 to + 10 40 . .Class C, Oil-Resistant, Medium Mas
41、s ChangeB1C0 less than 2 (13.8) 20A. + 10 to + 60 50 . .1C1 2 to 5 (13.8 to 34.5) 20 . + 10 to + 60 50 . .1C2 5 to 9 (34.5 to 62.1) 20 . + 10 to + 60 50 . .1C3 9 to 13 (62.1 to 89.6) 20 . + 10 to + 60 50 . .1C4 13 to 17 (89.6 to 117.2) 20 . + 10 to + 60 50 . .1C5 17 to 25 (117.2 to 172.4) 20 . + 10
42、to + 60 50 . .Class D, High-Temperature-Resistant1D0 less than 2 (13.8) . 5 . . 50 pass1D1 2 to 5 (13.8 to 34.5) . 5 . . 50 pass1D2 5 to 9 (34.5 to 62.1) . 5 . . 30 pass1D3 9 to 13 (62.1 to 89.6) . 5 . . 30 pass1D4 13 to 17 (89.6 to 117.2) . 5 . . 30 pass1D5 17 to 25 (117.2 to 172.4) . 5 . . 30 pass
43、Requirements Added by Suffix LettersGrade Number Compression Deflection, 25 %Deflection (Limits), psi (kPa)A4 B1 F MCompressionDeflection afterOven Aging,Change fromOriginal, 22 h,at 347F(175C),Limits, %Compression Set,50 % Deflection,22 h at 158F(70C), max %Low-Temperature Flex CombustionCharacteri
44、stics,max, 4 in./min (100 mm/min)F1 F2 F35 h at 40F (40C)5 h at 67F(55C)5 h at 103F(75C)Class A, Non-oil-Resistant1A0 less than 2 (13.8) . . . . . . pass pass . . . pass1A1 2 to 5 (13.8 to 34.5) . . . . . . pass pass . . . pass1A2 5 to 9 (34.5 to 62.1) . . . . . . pass pass . . . pass1A3 9 to 13 (62
45、.1 to 89.6) . . . . . . pass pass . . . pass1A4 13 to 17 (89.6 to 117.2) . . . . . . pass pass . . . pass1A5 17 to 25 (117.2 to 172.4) . . . . . . pass pass . . . passClass B, Oil-Resistant, Low Mass ChangeB1B0 less than 2 (13.8) . . . . . . pass . . . . . . pass1B1 2 to 5 (13.8 to 34.5) . . . . . .
46、 pass . . . . . . pass1B2 5 to 9 (34.5 to 62.1) . . . . . . pass . . . . . . pass1B3 9 to 13 (62.1 to 89.6) . . . . . . pass . . . . . . pass1B4 13 to 17 (89.6 to 117.2) . . . . . . pass . . . . . . pass1B5 17 to 25 (117.2 to 172.4) . . . . . . pass . . . . . . passClass C, Oil-Resistant, Medium Mas
47、s ChangeB1C0 less than 2 (13.8) . . . 25 pass . . . . . . pass1C1 2 to 5 (13.8 to 34.5) . . . 25 pass . . . . . . pass1C2 5 to 9 (34.5 to 62.1) . . . 25 pass . . . . . . pass1C3 9 to 13 (62.1 to 89.6) . . . 25 pass . . . . . . pass1C4 13 to 17 (89.6 to 117.2) . . . 25 pass . . . . . . pass1C5 17 to
48、25 (117.2 to 172.4) . . . 25 pass . . . . . . passD1056 143Class D, High-Temperature-Resistant1D0 less than 2 (13.8) 25A. . . pass . . . pass pass1D1 2 to 5 (13.8 to 34.5) 25 . . . pass . . . pass pass1D2 5 to 9 (34.5 to 62.1) 25 . . . pass . . . pass pass1D3 9 to 13 (62.1 to 89.6) 25 . . . pass . .
49、 . pass pass1D4 13 to 17 (89.6 to 117.2) 25 . . . pass . . . pass pass1D5 17 to 25 (117.2 to 172.4) 25 . . . pass . . . pass passAIf this grade after aging still falls within the compression-deflection requirement of 2 psi (13.8 kPa), it shall be considered acceptable even though the change from theoriginal is greater than 20 %.BTerminology was changed in 1997 from low swell to low mass change to better reflect the data obtained.TABLE 2 Physical Requirements of Cellula
