1、Designation: D1038 11Standard Terminology Relating toVeneer and Plywood1, 2This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1038; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parenthese
2、s indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThe terms included in this terminology standard are intended to apply to a family of woodveneer-based panel products manufactured for use in construction a
3、nd industrial applications.1. Scope1.1 This standard covers a repository of terms and classifi-cations essential needed for the business of SubcommitteeD07.03.1.2 The terms in this standard pertain to processing andcharacteristics of wood veneer and plywood products.2. Terminologyadhesivea substance
4、 capable of holding materials togetherby surface attachment.NOTE 1adhesive is the general term and includes, among others,cement, glue, mucilage, and paste. All of these terms are loosely usedinterchangeably. Various descriptive adjectives are applied to the termadhesive to indicate certain characte
5、ristics as follows:(1) Physical form, that is, liquid adhesive, tape adhesive(2) Chemical type, that is, silicate adhesive, resin adhesive(3) Materials bonded, that is, paper adhesive, metal-plastic adhesive, canlabel adhesive(4) Conditions of use, that is, hot-setting adhesivebackthe side reverse t
6、o the face of a panel, or the poorer sideof a panel in any grade of plywood calling for a face andback.balanced constructionSee under construction.banding (railing)a portion of wood or other materialextending around one or more edges of a plywood panel.bleed throughadhesive or components of adhesive
7、 that haveseeped through the outer layer or ply of a bonded woodproduct and that show as a blemish or discoloration on thesurface.blemishanything marring the appearance of the veneer thatis not classifiable as a defect.blisterin plywood, an elevation of the surface of an adherend(separation between
8、plies), somewhat resembling in shape ablister on the human skin; its boundaries may be indefinitelyoutlined and it may have burst or become flattened.bolt (veneer)a short log cut to length suitable for peeling ina lathe; also block.bond, nthe attachment at an interface between an adhesiveand an adhe
9、rend.bond, vto attach materials together by means of an adhesive.borer holesvoids made by wood-boring insects.broken grain (shelling, leafing, grain separation)a sepa-ration on veneer surface between annual rings.cauls, nsheets of material employed singly or in pairs in hotor cold pressing of assemb
10、lies being bonded. Cauls areemployed usually to protect either the faces or the pressplaten or both against marring and staining, to preventsticking, to facilitate press loading, or to impart a desiredsurface texture or finish, and to provide uniform pressuredistribution.NOTE 2Cauls may be made of a
11、ny material such as aluminum,stainless steel, hardboard, fiberboard, or plastic, with the length and widthgenerally equal to the platen size of the press in which they are employed.centerinner layers whose grain direction runs parallel to thatof the outer plies; may be of parallel laminated plies. (
12、Seealso core.)clipperthe shearing machine used to dimension dry or greenveneers to width.1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D07 on Woodand is the responsibility of Subcommittee D07.03 on Panel Products.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2011. Published November 2011. Origina
13、llyapproved in 1949. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as D1038 83 (2005).DOI: 10.1520/D1038-11.2These definitions are specific to veneer and plywood. Other definitions relatingto timber appear in ASTM Terminology D9, Relating to Wood, Annual Book ofASTM Standards, Vol 04.10.1Copyright ASTM Int
14、ernational, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United Spregsynthetic resin-treated, compressed wood with re-duced swelling and shrinking characteristics and increaseddensity and strength properties.constructiondetails of arrangement or thickness or both, ofveneers
15、and other components used in the fabrication ofplywood.all-veneer constructionplywood in which all plies areveneer. Ordinarily no single ply of veneer will exceed516 in.(7.9 mm) in thickness.balanced constructiona construction such that theforces induced by uniformly distributed changes in moisturec
16、ontent will not cause posite constructiona panel assembly consisting ofveneers and other wood-based materials. Normally thenon-veneer component is identified in describing the con-struction.lumber core constructionplywood in which the centerply or core is of lumber rather than of veneer. Ordinarilyc
17、ores that are38 in. (9.5 mm) or greater in thickness will beof lumber.symmetrical constructionplywood panels in which theplies on one side of the panel center line are essentially equalin thickness, grain direction, properties, and arrangement tothose on the other side of the center line.core(1) in
18、decorative or hardwood plywood, the center mostply. It may be of lumber (either edgeglued or closelyassembled) or other wood-based panel material, or of one ormore thicknesses of veneer.(2) in construction plywood, all plies or layers between theface and back.core blockin cutting rotary veneer, the
19、portion of the boltremaining after available veneer has been removed.cross band, ninner layers of veneer whose grain direction isusually perpendicular to that of the face plies, appliedparticularly to plywood of five or more plies and lumber-core panels.cross band, vto place the grain of the inner l
20、ayer of veneerat right angles to that of the face and back.delamination, nthe separation of layers in a laminatebecause of failure of the adhesive, either in the adhesiveitself or at the interface between the adhesive and theadherend.dryera kiln or chamber, or machine through which the greenveneers
21、are passed to remove excess moisture.durability(1) as applied to wood, its lasting qualities orpermanence in service with particular reference to decay.(2) as applied to the adhesive bond, its resistance todeterioration related to exposure conditions. (See also delami-nation.)exterior type plywooda
22、term applied to plywood that iscapable of withstanding prolonged exposure to severe ser-vice conditions including prolonged and repeated wettingwithout failure in the adhesive bonds; the commercialclassification is a function of veneer grade as well asadhesive durability.facethe better side of a pan
23、el in any grade of plywood callingfor a face and back; also either side of a panel where thegrading rules draw no distinction between faces.flitcha portion of a log sawed on two or more sides andintended for remanufacture into sliced or sawn veneer. Theterm is also applied to the resulting sheets of
24、 veneer stackedtogether in sequence of cutting.gapan open joint or split in the inner plies which resultswhen crossband or center veneers are broken or not tightlybutted.glue, nSee adhesive.groovea decorative face treatment, consisting of narrowparallel channels formed into the surface of the panel;
25、 suchas machined.V-groovenarrow and shallow V- or U-shaped channelsmachined on the plywood face to achieve a decorative effect.impregwood impregnated with synthetic resin that is curedin place so as to reduce materially swelling and shrinking ofthe wood on exposure to varying environmental condition
26、s.inner pliesplies other than face or back plies in a panelconstruction. Subface, subback, crossband, and center areclassed as inner plies.interior type plywooda term frequently applied to plywoodbonded with adhesives that maintain adequate bonds underconditions usually existing in the interior of b
27、uildings; thecommercial classification is a function of veneer grade aswell as adhesive durability.jointthe junction of two adjacent pieces of wood or veneer.adhesive jointthe place where two pieces of wood arejoined together by means of adhesive.edge jointthe place where two pieces of wood are join
28、edtogether edge to edge (joint running parallel to the grain).end jointthe place where two pieces of wood are joinedtogether end to end (joint running perpendicular to the grain)which may be accomplished by a butt joint, scarf joint, or lapjoint.open jointa discontinuity between two adjacent veneers
29、within a ply (gap).starved jointan adhesive joint that is poorly bondedbecause of an insufficient quantity of adhesive.sunken jointin the case of plywood, a depression in thesurface of the face ply directly above an edge joint in alumber core or crossband. Usually the result of localizedshrinkage in
30、 the edge-jointed layer.jointedveneer or other ply components that have machinededges for tightest possible layup.knotholesvoids remaining after removal of knots.lapa condition in which adjacent veneers overlap oneanother instead of making a smooth edge joint.lathethe machine on which rotary, half-r
31、ound, and riftveneer is cut.layera single veneer ply or two or more plies laminated withgrain direction parallel. Two or more plies laminated withgrain direction parallel is a parallel laminated layer.loose sidein knife-cut veneer, the side of the sheet that was incontact with the knife as the sheet
32、 was being cut, and thatcontains cutting checks. (See tight side.)matchingin plywood, the arrangement of strips of veneer toobtain a particular repetitive pattern.book matchingturning alternative adjacent strips ofveneer of a flitch over.D1038 112mismatchingmaking sheets of face veneer from spe-cial
33、ly selected dissimilar (in color or grain or both) strips ofveneer.reversed matchingturning alternate adjacent strips ofveneer of a flitch end for end; also called “swing matching.”slip matchinglaying adjacent strips of veneer tight sideup without turning; also called “slide matching.”panela sheet o
34、f plywood of any construction.patchesinsertions of sound wood or synthetic material inveneer or panels from which defective portions have beenremoved.peeler loga log selected as suitable for cutting into rotaryveneer.platena plate of metal, especially one that exerts or receivespressure, as in a pre
35、ss used for gluing plywood.plugsstraight-sided insertions of sound wood or syntheticmaterial replacing defective portions of veneers. They usu-ally are held in place by friction until veneers are bondedinto plywood.plya single sheet of veneer, or several strips laid withadjoining edges, that may or
36、may not be bonded, whichforms one veneer lamina in a bonded plywood panel. (Seealso layer.)plywoodusually a crossbanded assembly made of layers ofveneer or veneer in combination with a lumber core or otherwood-based panel material joined with an adhesive. Ply-wood generally is constructed of an odd
37、number of layerswith grain of adjacent layers perpendicular to one another.Outer layers and all odd-numbered layers generally have thegrain direction oriented parallel to the long dimension of thepanel.pressan apparatus for applying and maintaining pressure onan assembly of veneers and adhesive in t
38、he manufacture ofplywood. It may be operated mechanically or hydraulicallyand the platens may be cold or heated depending on the typeof adhesive used.railingSee banding.rotary-cut veneerSee under veneer.rough cutirregular-shaped areas of uneven corrugations onthe veneer surface, occurring as the ven
39、eer is cut by the latheor slicer.rough sawnin plywood, a decorative treatment produced byscoring across the grain of the panel surface to provide asaw-roughened texture.sawn veneerSee under veneer.shimin plywood, a long narrow repair in the panel surfacenot more than316 in. (4.8 mm) wide made of woo
40、d orsuitable synthetic compound.sliced veneerSee under veneer.slicermachine for producing veneer by slicing.stay loga device used on a veneer lathe to which is fasteneda flitch or segment of a bolt to secure desired grain effects inthe veneer.striateda term used to describe plywood with a face venee
41、rthat has been grooved or scored parallel to the grain.sub-face (sub-back)the ply adjacent to the exposed face (orback) of a parallel laminated outer layer.synthetic fillersgenerally of the “wood dough” type, limitedto the repair of minor defects in panels.synthetic patches, plugs, and shimsgenerall
42、y composed oftwo-component formulations of materials which will pro-vide high level performance in terms of bond characteristics,weatherability and durability, used to repair defects in veneeror plywood panels.taperibbons, usually of paper or cloth, coated with adhesivethat are used to fasten veneer
43、s together for convenience inhandling during the gluing operation.tight sidein knife-cut veneer, the side of the sheet that wasfarthest from the knife as the sheet was being cut and thatcontains no cutting checks. (See loose side.)touch sandingin plywood, a light surface sanding to controlthickness;
44、 not intended as a full surfacing operation.typethe designation of plywood as a function of veneergrade and adhesive durability.veneerthin sheets of wood from which plywood is made;also referred to as plies in the bonded panel.figured veneerveneer containing irregular grain forma-tions that add to i
45、ts value for furniture panel faces and otherdecorative uses. Various figures are referred to as rift-cut,comb-grained, stripe, rope, mottle, fiddle-back, cross-fire,quartered, crossbar, curley, blister, birds eye, feather, crotch,ribbon, stump, burl, etc.half-round veneera manner of cutting veneer t
46、o bringout a certain beauty of figure. The flitch is mounted on a staylog and is cut on a lathe. It differs from rotary-cut veneer inthat the flitch is cut with a wider sweep than when mountedat the lathe center, and the center of the tree is not near thecenter of rotation.plain sliced veneerveneer
47、sliced approximately tangentto the growth rings; also termed “flat cut.”quartered veneerveneer produced by slicing or sawing alog on a plane approximately perpendicular to the growthrings. This may bring out a certain figure resulting from thepresence of rays which are especially conspicuous in oak.
48、rift cut veneerveneer cut at approximately 45 deg to therays.rotary-cut veneerveneer cut in a continuous ribbon bycentering the entire log or bolt in a lathe and rotating itagainst a knife.sawn veneerveneer produced by sawing.sliced veneerveneer that is sliced off by moving a log,bolt, or flitch lat
49、erally against a knife or vice versa.waterproofas applied to plywood, the term is synonymouswith exterior type plywood.water resistanta term frequently applied to plywood that iscapable of withstanding limited exposure to water or tosevere conditions without failure in the adhesive bonds.weatherproofas applied to plywood, the term is synony-mous with exterior type plywood.wood failure(1) as applied to plywood glueline testing, thearea of wood fiber remaining at the
