1、Designation: C902 12aStandard Specification forPedestrian and Light Traffic Paving Brick1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C902; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number
2、in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers brick intended for use aspaving material subjected to pedestrian and light vehiculartraffic. The units are designed
3、 for use in pedestrian applicationsand vehicular areas that are subjected to low volumes ofvehicular traffic, such as residential driveways and streets andcommercial driveways (passenger drop-offs). The units are notintended to support heavy vehicular traffic covered by Speci-fication C1272 or for i
4、ndustrial applications covered by Speci-fication C410.NOTE 1Heavy vehicular traffic is defined as high volumes of heavyvehicles (trucks having 3 or more axles) in Specification C1272.1.2 The property requirements of this specification apply atthe time of purchase. The use of results from testing of
5、brickextracted from masonry structures for determining confor-mance or nonconformance to the property requirements (Sec-tion 5) of this specification is beyond the scope of thisspecification.1.3 Brick are manufactured from clay, shale, or similarnaturally occurring earthy substances and subjected to
6、 a heattreatment at elevated temperatures (firing). The heat treatmentmust develop sufficient fired bond between the particulateconstituents to provide the strength and durability requirementof this specification (see Terminology C1232).1.4 The brick are available in a variety of sizes, colors, ands
7、hapes. They are available in three classes according toexposure environment and three types according to type oftraffic exposure.1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for info
8、rmation onlyand are not considered standard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C67 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Brick andStructural Clay TileC88 Test Method for Soundness of Aggregates by Use ofSodium Sulfate or Magnesium SulfateC410 Specification for Industrial Floor BrickC418 Test
9、 Method for Abrasion Resistance of Concrete bySandblastingC1232 Terminology of MasonryC1272 Specification for Heavy Vehicular Paving Brick3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions relating to paving brick,refer to Terminology C1232.4. Classification4.1 Light traffic paving brick are classified ac
10、cording to theseverity of their use-environment. Two types of environmentare considered: (1) weather and (2) traffic:4.1.1 Weather: Weathering resistance is specified by one ofthree classes. When the class is not specified, the requirementsfor Class SX shall govern.4.1.1.1 Class SXBrick intended for
11、 use where the brickmay be frozen while saturated with water.4.1.1.2 Class MXBrick intended for exterior use whereresistance to freezing is not a factor.4.1.1.3 Class NXBrick not intended for exterior use butwhich may be acceptable for interior use where protected fromfreezing when wet.NOTE 2A surfa
12、ce coating may be applied to any class of brick of thisstandard when protected from freezing while wet. The function of thecoating is to prevent penetration of dirt or liquids into the pores of thebrick. Coatings should be applied only after complete drying of thepaving.1This specification is under
13、the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C15 onManufactured Masonry Units and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeC15.02 on Brick and Structural Clay Tile.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2012. Published December 2012. Originallyapproved in 1979. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as C902 12.
14、DOI:10.1520/C0902-12A.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes section appears a
15、t the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States14.1.2 Traffc: Abrasion resistance is specified by one of threetypes. When the type is not specified, the requirements for TypeII govern.4.1.2.1 Type IBrick subj
16、ected to extensive abrasion.NOTE 3Type I pavers would be used in such places as sidewalks anddriveways in publicly occupied spaces.4.1.2.2 Type IIBrick subjected to intermediate abrasion.NOTE 4Type II pavers would be used in such places as heavilytraveled residential walkways and residential drivewa
17、ys.4.1.2.3 Type IIIBrick subjected to low abrasion.NOTE 5Type III pavers would be used in such places as floors orpatios in single-family homes.5. Physical Properties5.1 Freeze Thaw ResistanceUse one of the followingmethods:5.1.1 Physical Property Requirements The brick shallconform to the physical
18、requirements for the class specified asprescribed in Table 1.5.1.1.1 Absorption AlternativeIf the average water ab-sorption is less than 6.0 % after 24-h submersion in room-temperature water, the requirement for saturation coefficientshall be waived.5.1.2 Freezing and Thawing Test AlternativeThe req
19、uire-ments for water 24-h cold water absorption and saturationcoefficient specified in 5.1.1 do not apply, provided a repre-sentative sample of five brick, meeting the strength require-ments of Table 1, passes the freezing and thawing test asdescribed in the Rating section of the Freezing and Thawin
20、gtest procedures of Test Methods C67.NOTE 6The 50 cycle freezing and thawing test is specified only as analternative when brick do not conform to either Table 1 requirements formaximum water absorption and saturation coefficient, or to the restrictiveabsorption requirements in 5.1.1.1.5.1.2.1 Class
21、SX: Breakage and Weight Loss RequirementNo individual unit separates or disintegrates resulting in aweight loss greater than 0.5 % of its original dry weight.5.1.2.2 Class SX: Cracking RequirementNo individualunit develops a crack that exceeds, in length, the units leastfinished face dimension.5.1.3
22、 Sulfate Soundness Test AlternativeThe requirementsfor water absorption (24-h cold) and saturation coefficientspecified in 5.1.1 shall not be required if a sample of five bricksurvives 15 cycles of the sulfate soundness test in accordancewith Sections 4, 5, and 8 of Test Method C88 with no visibleda
23、mage.NOTE 7The sulfate soundness test is an optional substitute test for thefreezing-and-thawing test (5.1.2).5.1.4 Performance AlternativeIf information on the per-formance of the units in a similar application of similarexposure and traffic is furnished by the manufacturer or hisagent and is found
24、 acceptable by the specifier of the pavementmaterial, or his agent, the physical requirements in 5.1.1 maybe waived.5.1.5 Molded Brick (Soft Mud, Semi-Dry Pressed, and DryPressed Brick)The requirements listed in Table 1 shall bechanged for molded brick to permit maximum absorption of16.0 % average a
25、nd 18.0 % individual, and minimum compres-sive strengths of 4000 psi (27.6 MPa) average and 3500 psi(24.1 MPa) individual for Class SX, provided that the require-ments for saturation coefficient of Table 1 are met.NOTE 8The resistance of brick to weathering cannot be predicted withcomplete assurance
26、 at the present state of knowledge. There is no knowntest that can predict weathering resistance with complete accuracy.Brick in general is superior in weathering resistance to other buildingmaterials. There are innumerable instances of satisfactory performancebeyond 200 years and even into the thou
27、sands of years. Nevertheless,there are some brick that cannot survive a few winters of a severe freezingand thawing environment.The durability requirements of the specification attempt to exclude suchbrick. This specification utilizes the best knowledge available at this timeand is based on extensiv
28、e research by several investigators. The durabilityrequirements have an excellent correlation with in-use performance.Nevertheless, it is known that some brick that meet this specification maynot be serviceable in severe climates. Furthermore, other brick that do notmeet these specifications may sho
29、w superior serviceability in the mostsevere climate. The best indication of brick durability is its serviceexperience record.5.2 Abrasion ResistanceThe brick shall meet the require-ments of either column (1) or (2) of Table 2 for the applicabletraffic use (see 4.1.2).3NOTE 9Skid/slip resistance shou
30、ld be considered by the purchaser foruses of brick where pedestrian traffic is anticipated. Methods of testing thischaracteristic are under study and it is hoped that a specification for thisproperty can be added in future revisions of this standard when suitabletest methods are developed.6. Orderin
31、g Information6.1 Orders for pedestrian and light traffic paving brick underthis specification shall include the following information:6.1.1 Color, Color Range, and Texture(9.1), by approvinga sample.3McBurney, J. W., Brink, R. H., Eberle, A. R., “Relation of Water Absorptionand Strength of Brick to
32、Abrasive Resistance,” Proceedings, ASTM, Vol 40, 1940,pp. 11431151.TABLE 1 Freeze Thaw Resistance Property RequirementsDesignationCompressive Strength, flatwise, gross area, min,psi (MPa)Cold Water Absorption, max, % Saturation Coefficient, maxAAverage of 5BrickIndividualAverage of 5BrickIndividualA
33、verage of 5BrickIndividualClass SX 8000 (55.2) 7000 (48.3) 8.0 11.0 0.78 0.80Class MX 3000 (20.7) 2500 (17.2) 14.0 17.0 no limit no limitClass NX 3000 (20.7) 2500 (17.2) no limit no limit no limit no limitAThe saturation coefficient is the ratio of absorption by 24-h submersion in room temperature w
34、ater to that after 5-h submersion in boiling water.C902 12a26.1.2 Sampling (10.2)Specify location where specimensare to be secured for testing.6.2 Orders for light traffic paving brick under this specifi-cation may include the following information:6.2.1 ClassificationWeather (4.1.1)Class SX governs
35、when class is not specified.6.2.2 ClassificationTraffc (4.1.2)Type II governs whentype is not specified.6.2.3 Size (8.1)Specify width by height by length oraccept the manufacturers stock item.6.2.4 Application (8.2)Application PS governs when ap-plication is not specified.6.2.5 Cost of Tests (Note 1
36、0)Party to pay and conditionsfor payment of compliance testing.7. Efflorescence7.1 Brick are not required to be tested for efflorescence tocomply with this specification unless requested by the specifieror purchaser. When the efflorescence test is requested by thespecifier or purchaser, the brick sh
37、all be sampled at the place ofmanufacture, and tested in accordance with Test Methods C67,and a rating for efflorescence shall be “not effloresced.” If therating for efflorescence is “effloresced,” the brick representedby the testing do not meet the efflorescence requirements ofthis specification.8.
38、 Dimensions and Permissible Variations8.1 The size of the brick shall be as specified by thepurchaser or produced by the manufacturer as a stock item.8.2 The tolerances on dimension and warpage shall dependon the application specified. When the application is notspecified, the requirements for Appli
39、cation PS shall govern.8.2.1 Application PSPaving brick intended for general useand installed with a mortar joint between individual units, or inan installation without mortar joints between units when theyare laid in running or other bonds not requiring extremely closedimensional tolerances.8.2.2 A
40、pplication PXPaving brick intended for installa-tion without mortar joints between the units, where exception-ally close dimensional tolerances are required as a result ofspecial bond patterns or unusual construction requirements.8.2.3 Application PAPaving brick manufactured and se-lected to produce
41、 characteristic architectural effects resultingfrom nonuniformity in size, color, and texture of individualunits. (The textures may exhibit inclusion of nonuniformnodules of mineral substances or purposely introduced cracksthat enhance the appearance of the units.) The requirements onwarpage and dim
42、ensional tolerances as specified in 8.3 and 8.4do not apply to this application.8.3 Dimensional ToleranceBrick shall not depart from thespecified size by more than the individual tolerance for theapplication specified as prescribed in Table 4.8.4 WarpageThe concave and convex warpage of any faceinte
43、nded to be the exposed surface or edge of the paving shallnot exceed the values of Table 3 when sampled and measuredin accordance with Test Methods C67.9. Finish and Appearance9.1 If brick having a particular color, color range, or textureare desired, these features shall be specified separately by
44、thepurchaser. The texture of the finished face shall conform to anapproved sample consisting of not less than four brick, eachrepresenting the texture desired. The color range shall beindicated by the approved sample.9.2 The brick shall be free of cracks or other imperfectionsdetracting from the app
45、earance of a designated sample whenviewed from a distance of 15 ft (4.6 m) for Application PX anda distance of 20 ft (6 m) for Application PS.9.3 The parts of the brick that will be exposed in place shallbe free of chips that exceed the limits given in Table 5.9.4 Unless otherwise agreed upon by the
46、 purchaser and theseller, a delivery of brick shall contain not more than 5 % brickthat do not meet the combined requirements of Tables 4-5,including broken brick.TABLE 2 Abrasion Resistance Property RequirementsA(1)Abrasion Index,Bmax(2)Volume Abrasion Loss,Cmax, cm3/cm2Type I 0.11 1.7Type II 0.25
47、2.7Type III 0.50 4.0ASelect the sample according to the sampling procedure of Test Methods C67.The brick shall meet the requirements of either column (1) or (2). The values listedshall not be exceeded by any individual unit within the sample.BThe abrasion index is calculated from the cold absorption
48、 in percent and thecompressive strength in pounds per square inch as follows:Abrasion index51003absorptioncompressive strength(1)Compressive strength values are influenced by specimen shape (particularly theheight to width ratio of the test specimen). Therefore, a shape is specified whichconforms to
49、 the data on which the abrasion index is based.4The compressive strength shall be determined on specimens measuring 378 by378 by 214 in. 14 in. (98 by 98 by 57 mm 6 mm) for length, width, and heightrespectively. The brick shall be without core holes, other perforations or frogs.Other shaped specimens may be used provided that the producer submitsevidence acceptable to the purchaser that the change in shape gives equivalentstrength results to those of the specified shape.The abrasion resistance should be determined according to Colu
