1、Designation: C 655M 09Standard Specification forReinforced Concrete D-Load Culvert, Storm Drain, andSewer Pipe (Metric)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 655M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the
2、 year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers re
3、inforced concrete pipe de-signed for specific D-loads and intended to be used for theconveyance of sewage, industrial wastes, and storm water andfor the construction of culverts.1.2 This specification is the metric counterpart of Specifi-cation C 655.NOTE 1Experience has shown that the successful pe
4、rformance of thisproduct depends upon the proper selection of the pipe strength, the type ofbedding and backfill, the care that the installation conforms to theconstruction specifications, and provision for adequate inspection at theconstruction site. This specification does not include requirements
5、 forbedding, backfill, the relationship between field load conditions and thestrength designation of pipe, or durability under unusual environmentalconditions. These requirements should be included in the project specifi-cation.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A 82/A 82M Specification for
6、Steel Wire, Plain, for Con-crete ReinforcementA 185/A 185M Specification for Steel Welded Wire Rein-forcement, Plain, for ConcreteA 496/A 496M Specification for Steel Wire, Deformed, forConcrete ReinforcementA 497/A 497M Specification for Steel Welded Wire Rein-forcement, Deformed, for ConcreteA 615
7、/A 615M Specification for Deformed and PlainCarbon-Steel Bars for Concrete ReinforcementC33 Specification for Concrete AggregatesC 150 Specification for Portland CementC 497M Test Methods for Concrete Pipe, Manhole Sec-tions, or Tile MetricC 595 Specification for Blended Hydraulic CementsC 618 Speci
8、fication for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or CalcinedNatural Pozzolan for Use in ConcreteC 822 Terminology Relating to Concrete Pipe and RelatedProductsC 989 Specification for Slag Cement for Use in Concreteand MortarsC 1116 Specification for Fiber-Reinforced Concrete andShotcreteE 105 Practice for Probabil
9、ity Sampling Of Materials3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms relating to con-crete pipe, see Terminology C 822.4. Basis of Acceptance4.1 The acceptability of the pipe design shall be determinedin accordance with Section 9. After the pipe design has beenaccepted, or if the pipe desi
10、gn has been accepted previously inaccordance with Section 9, the owner may select and haveapplied the basis of acceptance described in either 4.1.1 or4.1.2. Unless designated by the owner at the time of, or beforeplacing an order, either basis of acceptance shall be permitted.4.1.1 Acceptance on the
11、 Basis of Pipe Load and MaterialTests and Inspection of Manufactured Pipe for DefectsDetermine in accordance with Sections 5, 6, 8, and 10.NOTE 2It is necessary that samples be selected at random. Forguidance see Practice E 105.4.1.2 Acceptance on the Basis of Concrete Compression andMaterials Tests
12、 and Inspection of Manufactured Pipe forDefectsDetermine in accordance with Sections 5, 6, 8, and11.4.2 Age for AcceptancePipe shall be considered ready foracceptance when they conform to the requirements.5. Design and Manufacturing Data5.1 The manufacturer shall provide the following informa-tion r
13、egarding the pipe unless waived by the owner:5.1.1 Basis of acceptance.1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C13 onConcrete Pipe and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C13.02 onReinforced Sewer and Culvert Pipe.Current edition approved June 1, 2009. Published June
14、 2009. Originallyapproved in 1980. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as C 655M 041.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summa
15、ry page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.5.1.2 Pipe design strength.5.1.3 Physical CharacteristicsDiameter, wall thickness,laying length, and joint details.5.1.4 Design concrete strength; minimum f 8
16、cequals 27.6MPa.5.1.5 Admixtures.5.1.6 Reinforcement:5.1.6.1 Type of reinforcement, applicable reinforcementspecification, and grade.5.1.6.2 Placement, placement tolerances, diameter, spacingand cross-sectional area of circumferential, longitudinal, andspecial reinforcement.5.1.7 Manufacturing and c
17、uring process.6. Materials and Manufacture6.1 Materials:6.1.1 Reinforced ConcreteThe reinforced concrete shallconsist of cementitious materials, mineral aggregates, andwater, in which steel has been embedded in such a manner thatthe steel and concrete act together.6.1.2 Cementitious Materials:6.1.2.
18、1 CementCement shall conform to the requirementsfor portland cement of Specification C 150 or shall be portlandblast-furnace slag cement or Portland-pozzolan cement con-forming to the requirements of Specification C 595, except thatthe pozzolan constituent in the Type IP portland pozzolancement shal
19、l be fly ash.6.1.2.2 Fly AshFly ash shall conform to the requirementsof Specification C 618, Class F or Class C.6.1.2.3 Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag (GGBFS)GGBFS shall conform to the requirements of Grade 100 or 120of Specification C 989.6.1.2.4 Allowable Combinations of CementitiousMaterial
20、sThe combination of cementitious materials used inthe concrete shall be one of the following:(1) Portland cement only,(2) Portland blast furnace slag cement only,(3) Slag modified Portland cement only,(4) Portland pozzolan cement only,(5) A combination of Portland cement and fly ash, or(6) A combina
21、tion of Portland cement and ground granu-lated blast-furnace slag(7) A combination of Portland cement, ground granulatedblast furnace slag (not to exceed 25% of the total cementitiousweight), and fly ash (not to exceed 25% of the total cementi-tious weight).6.1.3 AggregatesAggregates shall conform t
22、o the require-ments of Specification C33, except that the requirement forgradation shall not apply.6.1.4 Admixtures and BlendsAdmixtures and blends shallbe allowed to be used unless prohibited by the owner.6.1.5 Steel ReinforcementReinforcement shall consist ofwire conforming to Specification A 82/A
23、 82M or SpecificationA 496/A 496M, or of wire fabric conforming to SpecificationA 185/A 185M or Specification A 497/A 497M, or of bars ofGrade 300 steel conforming to Specifications A 615/A 615M.6.2 Manufacture:6.2.1 MixtureThe aggregates shall be sized, graded, pro-portioned, and mixed with such pr
24、oportions of cementitiousmaterials and water as will produce a homogeneous concretemixture of such quality that the pipe will conform to the testand design requirements of this specification.All concrete shallhave a water-cementitious materials ratio not exceeding 0.53by weight. Cementitious materia
25、ls shall be as specified in 6.1and shall be added to the mix in a proportion not less than 280kg/m3unless mix designs with a lower cementitious materialcontent demonstrate that the quality and performance of thepipe meet the requirements of this specification.6.2.2 Reinforcement:6.2.2.1 PlacementRei
26、nforcement shall be placed as indi-cated in 5.1.6.2, subject to the tolerances given in 8.2.2.Minimum design protective cover of concrete over the circum-ferential reinforcement in the barrel of the pipe shall be 25 mmfor wall thicknesses of 63 mm or greater, and 19 mm for wallthicknesses less than
27、63 mm, subject to the tolerances given in8.2.2.6.2.2.2 SplicesThe strength of the pipe shall not beadversely affected by the splice.6.2.2.3 SpacingThe spacing center-to-center of adjacentrings of circumferential reinforcement in a cage shall notexceed 100 mm for pipe with a wall thickness up to andi
28、ncluding 100 mm and shall not exceed the wall thickness or150 mm, whichever is smaller, for larger pipe.6.2.3 JointsThe joints shall be of such design and the endsof the concrete pipe sections so formed that when the sectionsare laid together they will make a continuous line of pipe witha smooth int
29、erior free of appreciable irregularities in the flowline, all compatible with the permissible variations given inSection 8.6.2.4 Lift HolesWhen agreed upon by the owner, lift eyesor holes shall be allowed to be provided in each pipe for thepurpose of handling.6.3 Synthetic FibersCollated fibrillated
30、 virgin polypropy-lene fibers shall be allowed to be used, at the manufacturersoption, in concrete pipe as a nonstructural manufacturingmaterial. Only Type III synthetic fibers designed and manufac-tured specifically for use in concrete and conforming to therequirements of Specification C 1116 shall
31、 be accepted.7. Physical Requirements7.1 StrengthThe design strength designation of the pipeshall be the D-load to produce the 0.3-mm crack when tested inaccordance with Test Methods C 497M. The relationship ofultimate strength D-load to the design strength D-load shall bedetermined using a factor o
32、f 1.5 for design strength designa-tions up to 100 N/mmm of diameter, a factor varying in linearproportion from 1.5 to 1.25 for design strength designationsfrom 100 N/mmm through 150 N/mmm, and a factor of 1.25for design strength designations in excess of 150 N/mmm.NOTE 3As used in this specification
33、, the 0.3-mm crack is a testcriterion for pipe tested in three-edge bearing test and is not intended asan indication of overstressed or failed pipe under installed conditions.NOTE 4Ultimate strength of concrete pipe in the buried condition isdependent on varying soil bedding factors and varying fail
34、ure modes andshall not necessarily have a relationship to the ultimate strength as definedunder three-edge bearing conditions.C655M0927.2 Test Equipment and FacilitiesThe manufacturer shallfurnish without charge all samples, facilities, and personnelnecessary to carry out the tests required by this
35、specification.7.3 Pipe Load TestsThe tests for crushing strength, whenrequired, shall be made in accordance with Test MethodsC 497M. When alternative methods of load testing are speci-fied, tests shall be made in accordance with the alternativerequirements.8. Dimensions and Permissible Variations8.1
36、 Standard DiametersPipe shall be manufactured in thestandard inside diameters listed in Table 1.NOTE 5Diameters other than those shown in Table 1 and diameterslarger than 3600 mm are possibly available. When such sizes are required,the owner should contact the manufacturers in the area.8.2 Design To
37、lerancesExcept as specified in this section,all permissible design tolerances shall be given in Section 5.8.2.1 Diameter TolerancesPermissible variations in theinternal diameter are as prescribed in Table 2.8.2.2 Reinforcement Placement TolerancesThe maximumvariation in the nominal position of the r
38、einforcement shall be610 % of the wall thickness or 16 mm, whichever is greater.Pipe having variations in the position of the reinforcementexceeding those specified above shall be accepted if thethree-edge-bearing strength requirements obtained on a repre-sentative sample are met. In no case, howeve
39、r, shall the coverover the circumferential reinforcement be less than 16 mm.8.2.3 Length of Two Opposite SidesVariations in thelaying length of two opposite sides of pipe shall not be morethan 6 mm for all sizes through 600 mm internal diameter, andnot more than 10 mm/m of internal diameter for all
40、larger sizes,with a maximum of 16 mm in any pipe through 2100 mminternal diameter, and a maximum of 19 mm for 2250 mminternal diameter or larger, except where beveled-end pipe forlaying on curves is specified by the owner.8.2.4 Length of PipeThe underrun in length of a section ofpipe shall not be mo
41、re than 10 mm/m with a maximum of 13mm in any length of pipe.8.2.5 Wall Thickness TolerancesThe wall thickness shallbe not less than the nominal specified in the design given in5.1.3.1 by more than 5 % or 5 mm, whichever is greater.Awallthickness more than that required in the design is not a causef
42、or rejection, except that such pipe shall not be used for thetests required in 7.3.9. Acceptance of Design9.1 Acceptance by Tests of SpecimensThree to five repre-sentative specimens, or special test pipe that are shorter thanstandard production pipe, as agreed upon by the owner andmanufacturer, shal
43、l be tested to the 0.3-mm crack and toultimate strength and the results recorded. Compute the valuesin 9.1.1 and 9.1.2 for both the 0.3-mm crack and the ultimatestrength.9.1.1 Compute the estimated standard deviation, s,byEq1or Eq 2, which equations yield identical values.s 5 =(Xi2 X!2#/n 2 1! (1)s
44、5 =(Xi22 (Xi!2/n/n 2 1! (2)where:Xi= observed value of the load to produce the 0.3-mmcrack (and the load to develop the ultimate strength),X= average (arithmetic mean) of the values of Xi, andn = number of observed values.9.1.2 Compute the minimum allowable arithmetic mean, Xs,by Eq 3. In Eq 3, the
45、value of the estimated standard deviation,s, shall be as calculated by Eq 1 or Eq 2 or equal to 0.07L,whichever is greater.Xs5 L 1 1.07 s (3)where:L = specification limit (specified D-load).9.1.3 The pipe design shall be acceptable if the arithmeticmean Xfor the 0.03-mm crack and ultimate strength i
46、s equal toor greater than the computed values of Xs, and if all the testedspecimens meet or exceed the specification limit, or if all testspecimens meet or exceed the design strength.9.2 Alternative Acceptance MethodThe manufacturershall be allowed to request approval of designs based onempirical ev
47、aluations of the strength of the pipe including, butnot limited to, designs based on interpolation between designsapproved in accordance with 9.1, or designs evaluated on thebasis of tests other than the three-edge-bearing test method.Acceptance of design tests need not be performed for eachcontract
48、 or order.TABLE 1 Standard Designated Inside Diameter, mm300 600 900 1500 2100 2700 3300375 675 1050 1650 2250 2850 3450450 750 1200 1800 2400 3000 3600525 825 1350 1950 2550 3150TABLE 2 Permissible Variation in Internal DiameterDesignated Diameterof Pipe, mmPermissible Variation, InternalDiameter o
49、f PipeMinimum, mm Maximum, mm300 300 310375 375 390450 450 465525 525 545600 600 620675 675 695750 750 775825 825 850900 900 9251050 1050 10801200 1200 12301350 1350 13851500 1500 15401650 1650 16951800 1800 18501950 1950 20002100 2100 21552250 2250 23102400 2400 24652550 2550 26202700 2700 27702850 2850 29253000 3000 30803150 3150 32353300 3300 33903450 3450 35403600 3600 3695C655M09310. Acceptance of Pipe by Load Testing10.1 Lot SamplingWhen the acceptance is to be in accor-dance with 4.1.1, randomly select from the lot a
