1、考研英语模拟试卷 269及答案与解析 一、 Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 1 Advances in computers and data networks inspire visions of a future “information economy“ in which everyone will have (1)_ to gigab
2、ytes of all kinds of information anywhere and anytime, (2)_ information has always been a (3)_ difficult commodity to deal with, and, in some ways, computers and high-speed networks make the problems of buying, (4)_, and distributing information goods worse (5)_ better. The evolution of the Internet
3、 itself (6)_ serious problems. (7)_ the Internet has been privatized, several companies are (8)_ to provide the backbones that will carry traffic (9)_ local networks, but (10)_ business models for interconnection who pays how much for each packet (11)_, for example have (12)_ to be developed. (13)_
4、interconnection standards are developed that make (14)_ cheap and easy to transmit information across independent networks, competition will (15)_. If technical or economic (16)_ make interconnection difficult, (17)_ transmitting data across multiple networks is expensive or too slow, the (18)_ supp
5、liers can offer a significant performance (19)_; they may be able to use this edge to drive out competitors and (20)_ the market. （ A） admission （ B） access （ C） right （ D） command （ A） Because （ B） Though （ C） But （ D） If （ A） distinctly （ B） notoriously （ C） well-known （ D） especially （ A） manufac
6、turing （ B） selling （ C） allotting （ D） purchasing （ A） more than （ B） less than （ C） than （ D） rather than （ A） poses （ B） produces （ C） makes （ D） brings （ A） Provided that （ B） In that （ C） Now that （ D） Given that （ A） competing （ B） struggling （ C） fighting （ D） contending （ A） through （ B） in
7、（ C） on （ D） between （ A） imaginable （ B） credible （ C） workable （ D） tangible （ A） transmitted （ B） transferred （ C） transformed （ D） transported （ A） but （ B） yet （ C） still （ D） then （ A） If （ B） Because （ C） Though （ D） for （ A） that （ B） what （ C） it （ D） which （ A） prosper （ B） improve （ C） pr
8、omote （ D） flourish （ A） elements （ B） factors （ C） ingredients （ D） components （ A） so that （ B） for that （ C） in that （ D） except that （ A） biggest （ B） vastest （ C） largest （ D） greatest （ A） benefit （ B） drawback （ C） profit （ D） advantage （ A） predominate （ B） take （ C） enlarge （ D） monopolize
9、Part A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points) 21 Nuclear weapons were first developed in the United States during the Second World War, to be used against Germany. However, by the time the first bombs were ready for use,
10、the war with Germany had ended and, as a result, the decision was made to use the weapons against Japan instead. Hiroshima and Nagasaki have suffered the consequences of this decision to the present day. The real reasons why bombs were dropped on two heavily-populated cities are not altogether clear
11、. A number of people in 1944 and early 1945 argued that the use of nuclear weapons would be unnecessary, since American Intelligence was aware that some of the most powerful and influential people in Japan had already realized that the war was lost, and wanted to negotiate a Japanese surrender. It w
12、as also argued that, since Japan has few natural resources, a blockade by the American navy would force it to surrender within a few weeks, and the use of nuclear weapons would thus prove unnecessary. If a demonstration of force was required to end the war, a bomb could be dropped over an unpopulate
13、d area like a desert, in front of Japanese observers, or over an area of low population inside Japan, such as a forest. Opting for this course of action might minimize the loss of further lives on all sides, while the power of nuclear weapons would still be adequately demonstrated. All of these argu
14、ments were rejected, however, and the general consensus was that the quickest way to end the fighting would be to use nuclear weapons against canters of population inside Japan. In fact, two of the more likely reasons why this decision was reached seem quite shocking to us now. Since the beginning o
15、f the Second World War both Germany and Japan had adopted a policy of genocide (i. e. killing as many people as possible, including civilians). Later on, even the US and Britain had used the strategy of fire bombing cities (Dresden and Tokyo, for example) in order to kill, injure and intimidate as m
16、any civilians as possible. Certainly, the general public in the West had become used to hearing about the deaths of large numbers of people, so the deaths of another few thousand Japanese, who were the enemy in any case, would not seem particularly unacceptable a bit of “justifiable“ revenge for the
17、 Allies own losses, perhaps. The second reason is not much easier to comprehend. Some of the leading scientists in the world had collaborated to develop nuclear weapons, and this development had resulted in a number of major advances in technology and scientific knowledge. As a result, a lot of norm
18、al, intelligent people wanted to see nuclear weapons used; they wanted to see just how destructive this new invention could be. It no doubt turned out to be even more “effective“ than they had imagined. 21 According to the passage, nuclear weapons were initially designed to （ A） force Japan to surre
19、nder in the Second World War. （ B） end the war with Germany in the Second World War. （ C） take a revenge on the Japanese invaders. （ D） take a revenge on the German soldiers. 22 According to the second paragraph, nuclear weapons are not necessary because （ A） the Japanese have a limited amount of na
20、tural resource. （ B） the US could find other ways to force Japan to surrender. （ C） the people in Hiroshima and Nagasaki are innocent. （ D） the Japanese rulers were already negotiating a surrender. 23 It is implied in the passage that western people at the time （ A） were indifferent to the deaths of
21、 the civilians in an enemy country. （ B） were sympathetic with the deaths of the Japanese civilians. （ C） were taking a justifiable revenge on the Japanese troops. （ D） were intimidated when hearing about the death in Japan. 24 We can infer from the last paragraph that （ A） scientific knowledge and
22、technical advance may lead to mass destruction. （ B） cooperation by scientists will often result in technical advances. （ C） nuclear weapons have made normal, intelligent people crazy. （ D） nuclear weapons were more powerful than expected. 25 The authors attitude towards this issue of using nuclear
23、weapons against Japan seems to be （ A） puzzled. （ B） critical. （ C） supportive. （ D） objective. 26 When Marine Lt. Alan Zarracina finally did the splits after months of struggling with the difficult pose in yoga class, the limber women around him applauded. Zarracina, a 24-year-old Naval Academy gra
24、duate and flight student, admits he would have a hard time explaining the scene to other Marines. Each class ends with a chant for peace. Then, instructor Nancy La Nasa hands students incense sticks as a gift for their 90 minutes of back bends, shoulder stands and other challenging positions. Zarrac
25、ina has tried to drag some of his military friends to class, but they make fun of hint. “Its not necessarily considered masculine“, he said. Still, the popular classes, based on ancient Hindu practices of meditation through controlled breathing, balancing and stretching, are catching on in military
26、circles as a way to improve flexibility, balance and concentration. A former Navy SEAL told Zarracina about the class. The August edition of Fit Yoga, the nations second-largest yoga magazine with a circulation of 100,000, features a photo of two naval aviators doing yoga poses in full combat gear a
27、board an aircraft carrier. “At first it seemed a little shocking soldiers practicing such a peaceful art“, writes editor Rita Trieger. Upon closer inspection, she said, she noticed “a sense of inner calm on the aviators faces. “War is hell, and if yoga can help them find a little solace, thats good“
28、, said Trieger, a longtime New York yoga instructor. Retired Adm. Tom Steffens, who spent 34 years as a Navy SEAL and served as the director of the elite corps training, regularly practices yoga at his home in Norfolk, Va. “Once in a while Ill sit in class, and everyone is a 20-something young lady
29、with a 10-inch waist and here I am this old guy, he joked. Steffens, who said the stretching helped him eliminate the stiffness of a biceps injury after surgery, said the benefits of regular practice can be enormous. “The yoga cured all kinds of back pains“, he said. “Being a SEAL, you beat up your
30、body“. Yoga breathing exercises can help SEALs with their diving, and learning to control the body by remaining in unusual positions can help members stay in confined spaces for long periods, he said. “The ability to stay focused on something, whether on breathing or on the yoga practice, and not be
31、 drawn off course, that has a lot of connection to the military“, he said. “In our SEAL basic training, there are many things that are yoga-like in nature. 26 Alan thought it is difficult to explain the scene to his fellow Marines because （ A） yoga is a peaceful meditation process. （ B） yoga is thou
32、ght to be a little feminine. （ C） only women would attend a yoga class. （ D） Marine soldiers hate to chant for peace. 27 We can infer from the passage that yoga （ A） has been popular ever since its advent in India. （ B） is an ancient Hindu practice of meditation. （ C） focuses on improving muscular s
33、trength. （ D） is becoming increasingly popular among soldiers. 28 Trieger seems to believe that （ A） practicing yoga can provide soldiers with some sort of relief. （ B） doing yoga poses in full combat gear is shocking for soldiers. （ C） soldiers should be peaceful instead of being too masculine. （ D
34、） military practices of yoga should be done with closer inspection. 29 According to Steffens, practicing yoga （ A） helps exercisers remain young. （ B） is very effective in relieving back pains, （ C） helps exercisers realize the potentials of their bodies. （ D） are good for forming a habit of doing t
35、hings in a regular pattern. 30 We can learn from the last paragraph that （ A） practicing yoga can have practical military uses. （ B） soldiers need to be focused in important missions. （ C） yoga will soon become a part of SEAL basic training. （ D） military trainings should design yoga into their prog
36、ram. 31 During the past 15 years, the most important component of executive pay packages, and the one most responsible for the large increase in the level of such compensation, has been stock-option grants. The increased use of option grants was justified as a way to align executives interests with
37、shareholders. For various tax, accounting, and regulatory reasons, stock-option grants have largely comprised “at-the-money options“: rights to purchase shares at an “exercise price“ equal to the companys stock price on the grant date. In such at-the-money options, the selection of the grant date fo
38、r awarding options determines the options exercise price and thus can have a significant effect on their value. Earlier research by financial economists on backdating practices focused on the extent to which the companys stock price went up abnormally after the grant date. My colleagues and I focuse
39、d instead on how a grant-dates price ranked in the distribution of stock prices during the month of the grant. Studying the universe of about 19,000 at-the-money, unscheduled grants awarded to public companies CEOs during the decade 1996-2005, we found a clear relation between the likelihood of a da
40、ys being selected as a grant date for awarding options, and the rank of the days stock price within the price distribution of the month: a day was most likely to be chosen if the stock price was at the lowest level of the month, second most likely to be chosen if the price was at the second-lowest l
41、evel, and so forth. There is an especially large incidence of “lucky grants“ (defined as grants awarded on days on which the stock price was at the lowest level of the month): 12 percent of all CEO option grants were lucky grants, while only 4 percent were awarded at the highest price of the month.
42、The passage of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act in August 2002 required firms to report grants within two days of any award. Most firms complied with this requirement, but more than 20 percent of grants continued to be reported after a long delay. Thus, the legislation could be expected to reduce but not elim
43、inate backdating. The patterns of CEO luck are consistent with this expectation: the percentage of grants that were lucky was a high 15 percent before enactment of the law, and declined to a lower, but still abnormally high, level of 8 percent afterwards. Altogether, we estimate that about 1,150 CEO
44、 stock-option grants owed their financially advantageous status to opportunistic timing rather than to mere luck. This practice was spread over a significant number of CEOs and firms: we estimate that about 850 CEOs (about 10 percent) and about 720 firms (about 12 percent) received or provided such
45、lucky grants. In addition, we estimate that about 550 additional grants at the second-lowest or third-lowest price of the month owed their status to opportunistic timing. The cases that have come under scrutiny thus far have led to a widespread impression that opportunistic timing has been primarily
46、 concentrated in “new economy“ firms. But while the frequency of lucky grants has been somewhat higher in such firms, more than 80 percent of the opportunistically timed grants have been awarded in other sectors. Indeed, there is a significantly higher-than-normal incidence of lucky grants in each o
47、f the economys 12 industries. 31 According to the passage, more stock-options were granted to executives because （ A） responsibilities increase very fast on the shoulders of the executives. （ B） they account for a very important part in executives pay package. （ C） shareowners intend to tie executiv
48、es interests with their own. （ D） shareholders expect executives to buy stocks at exercise price. 32 The main purpose of the authors study is to find out （ A） how the companys stock price went up after the grant date. （ B） how stock price distribution influence the rank of granted price. （ C） how ba
49、ckdating practices influence the value of stock shares. （ D） how the granted price ranked in the month of the grant. 33 The result of the authors study shows that （ A） stock options are more likely to be awarded when prices are low. （ B） there is a vague relationship between stock options and grant price. （ C） there is a clear relationship between lucky grants and lucky dates. （ D） stock options are only awarded when the price is at the lowest. 34 According to the author, the
