1、考研英语模拟试卷 243及答案与解析 一、 Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 1 The world religion is derived from the Latin noun religion, which denotes both (1)_ observance of ritual obligations and an inward
2、spirit of reverence. In modern usage, religion covers a wide spectrum of (2)_ that reflects the enormous variety of ways the term can be (3)_. At one extreme, many committed believers (4)_ only their own tradition as a religion, understanding expressions such as worship and prayer to refer (5)_ to t
3、he practices of their tradition. They may (6)_ use vague or idealizing terms in defining religion, (7)_, true love of God, or the path of enlightenment. At the other extreme, religion may be equated with (8)_, fanaticism, or wishful thinking. By defining religion as a sacred engagement with what is
4、taken to be a spiritual reality, it is possible to consider the importance of religion in human life without making (9)_ about what is really is or ought to be. Religion is not an object with a single, fixed meaning, or (10)_ a zone with clear boundaries. It is an aspect of human (11)_ that may inte
5、rsect, incorporate, or transcend other aspects of life and society. Such a definition avoid the drawbacks of (12)_ the investigation of religion to Western or biblical categories (13)_ monotheism or church structure, which are not (14)_. Religion in this understanding includes a complex of activitie
6、s that cannot be (15)_ to any single aspect of human experience. It is a part of individual life but also of (16)_ dynamics. Religion includes not only patterns of language and thought. It is sometimes an (17)_ part of a culture. Religious experience may be expressed (18)_ visual symbols, dance and
7、performance, elaborate philosophical systems, legendary and imaginative stories, formal (19)_, and detailed rules of some ways. There are as many forms of religious expression as there are human cultural (20)_. （ A） earnest （ B） clumsy （ C） naive （ D） frivolous （ A） urgency （ B） meaning （ C） conditi
8、on （ D） sense （ A） exhibited （ B） translated （ C） interpreted （ D） illustrated （ A） assure （ B） admit （ C） indulge （ D） recognize （ A） excessively （ B） comprehensively （ C） flexibly （ D） exclusively （ A） nevertheless （ B） moreover （ C） furthermore （ D） accordingly （ A） in a sense （ B） as a result （
9、C） for example （ D） for all （ A） ignorance （ B） awareness （ C） aversion （ D） insistence （ A） wishes （ B） claims （ C） attempts （ D） pleas （ A） barely （ B） hardly （ C） ever （ D） even （ A） institution （ B） attribute （ C） distinction （ D） experience （ A） limiting （ B） fastening （ C） tightening （ D） fixi
10、ng （ A） such as （ B） for instance （ C） in particular （ D） as to （ A） permanent （ B） apparent （ C） universal （ D） exceptional （ A） imitated （ B） hound （ C） reduced （ D） exposed （ A） strand （ B） group （ C） class （ D） band （ A） dominant （ B） principal （ C） prevalent （ D） integral （ A） in line with （ B）
11、 in terms of （ C） in regard to （ D） in exchange for （ A） ceremonies （ B） occasions （ C） associations （ D） formalities （ A） outlooks （ B） circumstances （ C） environments （ D） surroundings Part A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D.
12、(40 points) 21 When it comes to suing doctors, Philadelphia is hardly the city of brotherly love. A combination of sprightly lawyers and sympathetic juries has made Philadelphia a hotspot for medical-malpractice lawsuits. Since 1995, Pennsylvania state courts have awarded an average of $2m in such c
13、ases, according to Jury Verdict Research, a survey firm. Some medical specialists have seen their malpractice insurance premiums nearly double over the past year. Obstetricians are now paying up to $104,000 a year to protect themselves. The insurance industry is largely to blame. Carol Golin, the Mo
14、nitors editor, argues that in the 1990s insurers tried to grab market share by offering artificially low rates (betting that any losses would be covered by gains on their investments). The stock-market correction, coupled with the large legal awards, has eroded the insurers reserves. Three in Pennsy
15、lvania alone have gone bust. A few doctors particularly older ones will quit. The rest are adapting. Some are abandoning litigation-prone procedures, such as delivering babies. Others are moving parts of their practice to neighboring states where insurance rates are lower. Some from Pennsylvania hav
16、e opened offices in New Jersey. New doctors may also be deterred from setting up shop in litigation havens, however prestigious. Despite a Republican president, tort reform has got nowhere at the federal level. Indeed doctors could get clobbered indirectly by a Patients Bill of Rights, which would f
17、urther expose managed care companies to lawsuits. This prospect has fuelled interest among doctors in Pennsylvanias new medical malpractice reform bill, which was signed into law on March 20th. It will, among other things, give doctors $40m of state funds to offset their insurance premiums, spread t
18、he payment of awards out over time and prohibit individuals from doubled dipping that is, suing a doctor for damages that have already been paid by their health insurer. But will it really help? Randall Bovbjerg, a health policy expert at the Urban Institute, argues that the only proper way to slow
19、down the litigation machine would be to limit the compensation for pain and suffering, so-called “non-monetary damages“. Needless to say, a fixed cap on such awards is resisted by most trial lawyers. But Mr. Bovbjerg reckons a more nuanced approach, with a sliding scale of payments based on well-def
20、ined measures of injury, is a better way forward. In the meantime, doctors and insurers are bracing themselves for a couple more rough years before the insurance cycle turns. Nobody disputes that hospital staff make mistakes: a 1999 Institute of Medicine report claimed that errors kill at least 44,0
21、00 patients a year. But there is little evidence that malpractice lawsuits on their own will solve the problem. 21 We can learn from the beginning of the text that doctors in Philadelphia （ A） are often overcharged. （ B） flee out of the hot city. （ C） are likely to be sued. （ D） enjoy a high prestig
22、e. 22 By mentioning “double-dipping“ (Paragraph 4), the author is talking about （ A） compensations. （ B） premiums. （ C） stock shares. （ D） investment. 23 According to the text, what encourages doctors and insurers is that （ A） a new reform bill is coming into force. （ B） insurance premiums could be
23、balanced. （ C） new medical offices have been opened up. （ D） injuries will be precisely measured. 24 To which of the following is the author most likely to agree? （ A） The proper way is to slow down payments for injuries. （ B） Juries tended to find fault with the compensations paid. （ C） Low insuran
24、ce rates are to blame for the potential trouble. （ D） Legal procedures alone may not solve the rough problem. 25 It seems that the author is most critical of （ A） negligent doctors. （ B） unfriendly patients. （ C） insurance companies. （ D） sympathetic lawyers. 26 In the end, a degree of sanity prevai
25、led. The militant Hindus who had vowed to breach a police cordon and start the work of building a temple to the god Ram at the disputed site of Ayodhya decided to respect a Supreme Court decision barring them from the area. So charged have Hindu-Muslim relations in India become in recent weeks, as t
26、he declared deadline of March 15th neared, that a clash at Rams supposed birthplace might well have provoked bloodshed on an appalling scale across the nation. It has, unfortunately, happened often enough before. But the threat has not vanished. The courts decision is only an interim one, and the ma
27、in Hindu groups have not given up on their quest to build their temple. Extreme religious violence, which seemed in recent years to have faded after the Ayodhya-related explosion of 1992 1993, is again a feature of the political landscape. Though faults lie on both sides (it was a Muslim attack On H
28、indus in a train in Gujarat that started the recent slaughter), the great bulk of victims were, as always, Muslims. Once again, educated Hindus are to be heard inveighing against the “appeasing“ of Muslims through such concessions as separate constitutional status for Kashmir or the right to practic
29、e Islamic civil law. Once again, the police are being accused of doing little or nothing to help Muslim victims of rampaging Hindu mobs. Once again, Indias 130m Muslims feel unequal and unsafe in their own country. Far too many Hindus would refuse to accept that it is “their own country“ at all. The
30、 wonder of it, perhaps, is that things are not worse. While the world applauds Pakistan for at last locking up the leaders of its extreme religious groups, in India the zealots still support, sustain and to a degree constitute the government. The BJP, which leads the ruling coalition, was founded as
31、 a political front for the Hindu movement. It is simply one, and by no means the dominant, member of what is called the Sangh Pariwar, the “family of organizations“. Other members of the family are much less savoury. There is the VHP, the World Hindu Organization, which led the movement to build the
32、 Ram temple. There is the Bajrang Dal, the brutalist “youth wing“ of the VHP. There is substantial evidence that members of the VHP and the Bajrang Dal helped to organize the slaughter of hundreds of Muslims in Gujarat after 58 Hindus were killed on a train as they returned from Ayodhya. 26 Accordin
33、g to the text, the Supreme Court ruled that （ A） Muslims are denied the right to civil laws. （ B） Hindu-Muslim clashes are an issue of religion. （ C） it is illegal to seek to build the Ram temple. （ D） religious groups are in the charge of their leaders. 27 What does the writer wants to illustrate w
34、ith “a Muslim attack on Hindus on a train in Gujarat“? （ A） The brutality of extreme Indian policemen. （ B） Frequent clashes between Hindus and Muslims. （ C） The cruelty as shown by Hindus to Muslims. （ D） The disappearance of extreme religious violence. 28 The word “rampaging“ (Para 2) denotes （ A）
35、 dominance. （ B） violence. （ C） deference. （ D） acceptance. 29 According to the text, now the world would praise Hindus and Muslims mainly for their （ A） generosity. （ B） humaneness. （ C） enthusiasm. （ D） sensibility. 30 Towards the issue of Hindu-Muslim relations, the writers attitude can be said t
36、o be （ A） objective. （ B） biased. （ C） appalled. （ D） supportive. 31 For Tony Blair, home is a messy sort of place, where the prime ministers job is not to uphold eternal values but to force through some unpopular changes that may make the country work a bit better. The area where this is most obvio
37、us, and where it matters most, is the public services. Mr. Blair faces a difficulty here which is partly of his own making. By focusing his last election campaign on the need to improve hospitals, schools, transport and policing, he built up expectations. Mr. Blair has said many times that reforms i
38、n the way the public services work need to go alongside increases in cash. Mr. Blair has made his task harder by committing a classic negotiating error. Instead of extracting concessions from the other side before promising his own, he has pledged himself to higher spending on public services withou
39、t getting a commitment to change from the unions. Why, given that this pledge has been made, should the health unions give ground in return? In a speech on March 20th, Gordon Brown, the chancellor of the exchequer, said that “the something-for-nothing days are over in our public services and there c
40、an be no blank cheques“. But the government already seems to have given health workers a blank cheque. Nor are other ministries conveying quite the same message as the treasury. On March 19th, John Hutton, a health minister, announced that cleaners and catering staff in new privately-funded hospital
41、s working for the National Health Service will still be government employees, entitled to the same pay and conditions as other health-service workers. Since one of the main ways in which the government hopes to reform the public sector is by using private providers, and since one of the main ways in
42、 which private providers are likely to be able to save money is by cutting labor costs, this move seems to undermine the governments strategy. Now the government faces its hardest fight. The police need reforming more than any other public service. Half of them, for instance, retire early, at a cost
43、 of 1 billion ($1.4% billion) a year to the taxpayer. The police have voted 10 1 against proposals from the home secretary, David Blunkett, to reform their working practices. This is a fight the government has to win. If the police get away with it, other public-service workers will reckon they can
44、too. And, if they all get away it, Mr. Blairs domestic policy which is what voters are most likely to judge him on a the next election will be a failure. 31 In Britain, Tony Blairs chief task is to （ A） deal with disorders. （ B） see to public services. （ C） attend to reforms. （ D） live up to expecta
45、tions. 32 What does the author mean by “a classic negotiating error“ (Paragraph 2)? （ A） keeping to endless bargains. （ B） avoiding financial challenges. （ C） making solemn promises. （ D） offering unnecessary pledges. 33 The views of Gordon Brown and John Hutton on public services reforms are （ A） s
46、imilar. （ B） dubious. （ C） opposite. （ D） identical. 34 It can be inferred from that text that Tony Blair （ A） might have been caught in his own trap. （ B） is more likely to win the next election. （ C） gets away with his negotiating strategies. （ D） is bound to encounter financial troubles. 35 The c
47、onclusion can be drawn from the text that Britains public services may be （ A） on the verge of collapse. （ B） at a crucial stage. （ C） in pursuit of popularity. （ D） beyond repairs. 36 Europe is desperate to succeed in business. Two years ago, the European Unions Lisbon summit set a goal of becoming
48、 the worlds leading economy by 2010. But success, as any new-age executive coach might tell you, requires confronting the fear of failure. That is why Europes approach to bankruptcy urgently needs reform. In Europe, as in the United States, many heavily indebted companies are shutting up shop just a
49、s the economy begins to recover. Ironically, the upturn is often the moment when weak firms finally fail. But Americas failures have a big advantage over Europes weaklings: their countrys more relaxed approach to bankruptcy. In the United States the Chapter 11 law makes going bust an orderly and even routine process. Firms in trouble simply apply for breathing space from creditors. Managers submit a plan of reorganization to a judge, and creditors decide whether to give it a g
