1、考研英语模拟试卷 220及答案与解析 一、 Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 1 The concept of personal choice in relation to health behaviors is an important one. An estimated 90 percent of all illness may be (
2、1)_ if individuals would make sound personal health choices (2)_ upon current medical knowledge. We all enjoy our freedom of choice and do nor like to see it (3)_ when it is within the legal and moral boundaries of society. The structure of American society allows us to make almost all our personal
3、decisions that may (4)_ our health. If we (5)_ desire, we can smoke, drink excessively, refuse to wear seat belts, eat (6)_ foods we want, and lives (7)_ sedentary life-style without any exercise. The freedom to make such personal decisions is the fundamental (8)_ of our society, (9)_ the wisdom of
4、these decisions can be questioned. Personal choices relative to (10)_ often cause a difficulty. As one example, a teenager may know the facts relative to smoking cigarettes and health but may be (11)_ by friends into believing it is a socially (12)_ thing to do. A (13)_ of actors, both inherited and
5、 environmental, influence the development of health-related behaviors, and it is (14)_ the scope of this text to discuss all these factors as they may affect any (15)_ individual. However, the decision to adopt a particular health-related behavior is (16)_ one of personal choices. There are healthy
6、choices and there are unhealthy choices. Experts suggest that to knowingly give (17)_ over to a behavior that has a statistical probability of (18)_ life is similar to attempting suicide. (19)_, personal health choices should (20)_ those behaviors that are associated with a statistical probability o
7、f increased vitality and longevity. （ A） stopped （ B） preventable （ C） immunized （ D） cured （ A） constructed （ B） based （ C） found （ D） depending （ A） disappear （ B） vanish （ C） restricted （ D） flourish （ A） relates （ B） connects （ C） damage （ D） concern （ A） thus （ B） therefore （ C） otherwise （ D）
8、so （ A） whatever （ B） go （ C） healthy （ D） nutritious （ A） completely （ B） partially （ C） continuously （ D） comfortable （ A） fact （ B） aspect （ C） viewpoint （ D） fashion （ A） where （ B） although （ C） when （ D） somehow （ A） food （ B） medicine （ C） health （ D） people （ A） enforced （ B） requested （ C）
9、pressured （ D） rushed （ A） disgusting （ B） accepted （ C） organized （ D） moved （ A） dozens （ B） deal （ C） quantity （ D） multitude （ A） beyond （ B） for （ C） within （ D） by （ A） provided （ B） given （ C） single （ D） possible （ A） seldom （ B） rarely （ C） usually （ D） suspiciously （ A） themselves （ B） him
10、self （ C） someone （ D） oneself （ A） shortening （ B） lengthening （ C） leasing （ D） living （ A） Thus （ B） However （ C） Unless （ D） Though （ A） reward （ B） rum （ C） reflect （ D） revenge Part A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40
11、points) 21 The newspaper must provide for the reader the facts, unalloyed, unslanted(不歪曲的 ), objectively selected facts. But in the days of complex news it must provide more; it must supply interpretation, the meaning of the facts. This is the most important assignment confronting American journalis
12、m to make clear to the reader the problems of the day, to make international news as understandable as community news, to recognize that the there is no longer any such thing as “local“ news, bemuse any event in the international area has a local reaction in manpower draft, in economic strain, in te
13、rms, indeed, of our very Way of life. There is in journalism a widespread view that when you embark on interpretation, you are entering dangerous waters, the swirling tides of opinion. This is nonsense. The opponents of interpretation insist that the writer and the editor shall confine himself to th
14、e “facts“. This insistence raises two questions: What are the facts? And: Are the bare facts enough? As to the first query, consider how a so-called “factual“ story comes about. The reporter collects, say, fifty facts; out of these fifty, his space allotment being necessarily restricted, he selects
15、the ten which he considers most important. This is Judgment Number One. Then he or his editor decides which of these ten facts shall constitute the lead of the piece. (This is an important decision bemuse many readers do not proceed beyond the first paragraph.) This is Judgments Number Two. Then the
16、 night editor determines whether the article shall be presented on page one, where it has larger impact, or on page twenty-four, where it has little, Judgment Number Three. Thus, in the presentation of a so-called “factual“ or “objective“ story, at least three judgments are involved. And they are ju
17、dgments not at all unlike those involved in interpretation, in which reporter and editor, calling upon their research resources, their general background, and their “news neutralism“ arrive at a conclusion as to the significance of the news. The two areas of judgment, presentation of the news and it
18、s interpretation, are both objective rather than subjective processes as objective, that is, as any human being can be. (Note in passing: even though complete objectivity can never be achieved, nevertheless the ideal must always be the beacon on the murky news channels). If an editor is intent on sl
19、anting the news, he can do it in other ways and more effectively than by interpretation. He can do it by the selection of those facts that prop up(支持 ) his particular plea. Or he can do it by the play when he gives a story promoting it to page one or demoting it to page thirty. 21 The title that bes
20、t expresses the ideas of this passage is_. （ A） Interpreting the News （ B） Everything Counts （ C） Subjective Versus Objective Processes （ D） Choosing Facts 22 Why does the writer of an article select ten out of 50 available facts? （ A） His editor is prejudiced. （ B） The subject is not important. （ C
21、） Space is limited. （ D） Readers would prefer short stones. 23 Why should the lead sentence present the most important fact? （ A） It will influence the reader to continue. （ B） It will be the best way to write. （ C） Some readers do not read beyond the first paragraph. （ D） It will gratify the editor
22、. 24 What is the LEAST effective way of “slanting“ news? （ A） Interpretation. （ B） Selection. （ C） Placement. （ D） Concentration. 25 What is the authors attitude toward the interpretation of news? （ A） Approving. （ B） Concerned. （ C） Critical, （ D） Indifferent. 26 Much of the American anxiety about
23、old age is a flight from the reality of death. One of the striking qualities of the American character is the unwillingness to face either the fact or meaning of death. In the more somber tradition of American literature-from Hawthorne and Melville and Poe to Faulkner and Hemingway one finds a tragi
24、c depth that belies the surface thinness of the ordinary American death attitudes. By an effort of the imagination, the great writers faced problems that the culture in action is reluctant to face the fact of death, its mystery, and its place in. the back-and-forth shuttling of the eternal recurrenc
25、e. The unblinking confrontation of death in Greek time, the elaborate theological patterns woven around it in the Middle Ages, the ritual celebration of it in the rich, peasant cultures of Latin and Slavic Europe and in primitive cultures; these are difficult to find in American life. Whether throug
26、h fear of the emotional depths, or because of a drying up of the sluices of religious intensity, the American avoids dwelling on death or even corning to terms with it; he finds it morbid and recoils from it, surrounding it with word avoidance (Americans never die; they “pass away“), and various tab
27、oos of speech and practice. A “funeral parlor“ is decorated to look like a bank; everything in a funeral ceremony is done in hushed tones, as if it were something furtive, to be concealed from the world; there is so much emphasis on being dignified that the ceremony often loses its quality of dignit
28、y. In some of the primitive cultures, there is difficulty in understanding the muses of death; it seems puzzling and even unintelligible. Living in a scientific culture, Americans have a ready enough explanation of how it comes, yet they show little capacity to come to terms with the fact of death i
29、tself and with the grief that accompanies it. “We jubilate over birth and dance at weddings“, writes Margaret Mead, “but more and more hustle the death off the scene without ceremony, without an opportunity for young and old to realize that death is as much a fact of life as is birth“. And one may a
30、dd, even in its hurry and brevity, the last stage of an Americans life the last occasion of this relation to his society is as standardized as the rest. 26 Unwillingness to face death is_. （ A） a characteristic of American society （ B） a quality found in all civilizations （ C） a quality inherited fr
31、om our Latin ancestors （ D） a striking quality of the American character 27 In the novels of Hawthorne and Melville, one will find_. （ A） ordinary American death attitudes （ B） a willingness to accept death as a fact of life （ C） a superficial attitude toward death （ D） the foundation of modern Amer
32、ican beliefs about death 28 According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true? （ A） In Greek times, people were afraid of facing death. （ B） In the Middle Ages, death was surrounded by the elaborate theological patterns. （ C） In primitive cultures, death was celebrated ritually. （ D） In A
33、merican life, people hardly mention death. 29 In the authors opinion, American refuse to dwell on the idea of death_ （ A） out of fear of the emotional depths （ B） because they no longer are intensely religions （ C） because they are materialists （ D） either A or B 30 Margaret Mead suggests that_. （ A
34、） we should not rejoice at a birth （ B） we should cry at a birth and rejoice at a funeral （ C） a wedding should be solemn affair （ D） death should be accepted in the same spirit as marriage and birth 31 In recent years American society has become increasingly dependent on its universities to find so
35、lutions to its major problems. It is the universities that have been charged with the principal responsibility for developing the expertise to place men on the moon; for dealing with our urban problems and with our deteriorating environment; for developing the means to feed the worlds rapidly increa
36、sing population. The effort involved in meeting these demands presents its own problems. In addition, this concentration on the creation of new knowledge significantly impinges on the universities efforts to perform their other principal functions, the transmission and interpretation of knowledge th
37、e imparting of the heritage of the past and the preparing of the next generation to carry it forward. With regard to this, perhaps their most traditionally sanctioned task, colleges and universities today find themselves in a serious hind generally. On the one hand, there is the American commitment,
38、 entered into especially since WWII, to provide higher education for all young people who can profit from it. The result of the commitment has been a dramatic rise in enrollments in our universities, coupled with a radical shift from the private to the public sector of higher education. On the other
39、 hand, there are serious and continuing limitations on the resources available for higher education. While higher education has become a great “growth industry“, it is also simultaneously a tremendous drain on the resources of nation. With the vast increase in enrollment and the shift in priorities
40、away from education in state and federal budgets, there is in most of our public institutions a significant decrease in per capita outlay for their students, one crucial aspect of this drain on resources lies in the persistent shortage of trained faculty, which has led, in rum, to a declining standa
41、rd of competence in instruction. Intensifying these difficulties is, as indicated above, the concern with research, with its competing claims on resources and the attention of the faculty. In addition, there is a strong tendency for the institutions; organization and functioning to conform to the de
42、mands of research rather than those of teaching. 31 According to the passage, is the most important function of institutions of higher education. （ A） creating new knowledge （ B） providing solutions to social problems （ C） making experts on sophisticated industries out of their students （ D） prepari
43、ng their students to transmit inherited knowledge 32 According to the passage, one of the causes for the difficulties of American higher education is that_. （ A） the government has stopped giving public institutions as much financial support as it used to （ B） American had always been encouraging yo
44、ung people to go to college （ C） many public institutions have replaced private ones （ D） the government only finances such researches as that or placing man on the moon 33 The phrase “impinge on“ in Paragraph 1 most probably means_. （ A） promote （ B） rely on （ C） have an impact on （ D） block 34 A s
45、erious outcome brought out by the shortage of resources is that_. （ A） many public institutions have to cut down enrollment of students （ B） teachers are not qualified enough for satisfactory performance in classes （ C） some institutions have to reduce the expenses on research （ D） there is competit
46、ion for resources and attention of faculty between public and private institution 35 Which of the following statements is NOT true? （ A） American society has failed to provide these institutions with adequate resources to meet their needs. （ B） Though in difficulty, these institutions are determined
47、 to fulfill both research and teaching functions. （ C） American society has relied too much on their institutions of higher education to allow them for easy adjustment to all their functions. （ D） More resources and efforts of faculty are needed for research work than teaching work. 36 The energy cr
48、isis, which is being felt around the world, has dramatized how the careless use of the earths resources has brought the whole world to the brink of disaster. The over-development of motor transport, with its increase of more cars, more highways, more pollution, more suburbs, more commuting, has cont
49、ributed to the near-destruction of our cities, the broke up of the family, and the pollution not only of local air but also of the earths atmosphere. The disaster has arrived in the form of the energy crisis. Our present situation is unlike war, revolution or depression. It is also unlike the great natural disasters of the past. Worldwide resources exploitation and energy use have brought us to a state where long-range planning is essential. What we n
