1、考研英语模拟试卷 202及答案与解析 一、 Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 1 Reading to oneself is a modern activity which was almost unknown to the scholars of the classical. In (1)_ world during the fifteen
2、th century the term “reading“ (2)_ meant reading aloud. Only during the nineteenth century did silent reading become commonplace. One should be wary, however, of (3)_ that silent reading came about simply because reading aloud is a(n) (4)_ to others. Examination of factors related to the (5)_ develo
3、pment of silent reading reveals that it became the usual mode of reading for most adult reading tasks mainly because the tasks themselves changed in (6)_. The last century saw a steady gradual increase in (7)_ and thus in the number of readers. As readers increased, the number of potential listeners
4、 (8)_, and thus there was some (9)_ in the need to read aloud. As reading for the benefit of listeners grew less common, so came the flourishing of reading as a (10)_ activity in such public places as libraries, railway carriages and offices, where reading aloud would (11)_ distraction to other read
5、ers. Towards the end of the century there was still (12)_ argument over whether books should be used for information or treated (13)_, and over whether the reading of material such as newspapers was in some way (14)_ weakening. Indeed this argument still remains with us in education. (15)_ its virtu
6、es, the old shared literacy culture had gone and was (16)_ by the printed mass media on the one hand and by books and periodicals for a (17)_ readership on the other. By the end of the century students were being recommended to adopt attitudes to books and to use skills in reading them which were in
7、appropriate, (18)_ not impossible, for the oral reader. The social, cultural, and technological changes in the century had greatly (19)_ what the term “reading“ (20)_. （ A） contemporary （ B） modem （ C） medieval （ D） western （ A） undoubtedly （ B） really （ C） absolutely （ D） accordingly （ A） assuming
8、（ B） consuming （ C） resuming （ D） imagining （ A） interruption （ B） distraction （ C） bother （ D） pressure （ A） historical （ B） historic （ C） history （ D） historian （ A） quality （ B） character （ C） personality （ D） distinctiveness （ A） literate （ B） illiterate （ C） literacy （ D） literature （ A） recede
9、d （ B） declined （ C） increased （ D） expanded （ A） limitation （ B） necessity （ C） reduction （ D） shrink （ A） private （ B） overt （ C） public （ D） secret （ A） cause （ B） effect （ C） produce （ D） realize （ A） considerable （ B） considerate （ C） moderate （ D） immoderate （ A） respectively （ B） honorably （
10、C） respectfully （ D） relatively （ A） largely （ B） intelligently （ C） mentally （ D） physically （ A） However （ B） Whatever （ C） Whichever （ D） Wherever （ A） replaced （ B） taken （ C） followed （ D） distinguished （ A） specific （ B） special （ C） specified （ D） specialized （ A） and （ B） if （ C） but （ D） or
11、 （ A） translated （ B） differed （ C） shifted （ D） altered （ A） inferred （ B） advised （ C） induced （ D） implied Part A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points) 21 Some countries are more populous; some have more crime. But in
12、 no other country are crime fighters quite so knowledgeable about citizens as in Britain. On January 4th a boastful Home Office detailed the triumphs of the worlds biggest forensic DNA database, which holds samples from more than 5% of the entire population of England and Wales. Recent changes to th
13、e rules governing the database mean that it may eventually hold profiles from more than a fifth of all adults. Once a country starts storing DNA samples from criminals it is hard to resist the urge to expand the collection. When the National DNA Database (NDNAD) was set up, in 1995, samples could on
14、ly be taken from those charged with “recordable“ offences. If a suspect was not tried, or was freed, the sample had to be destroyed and the profile removed from the database. That law was abandoned in 2001, after two men who had been convicted of murder and rape had their cases overturned on appeal
15、the DNA evidence against them related to crimes they had not beep convicted of, and so ought to have been removed from the database. The change has led to the retention of around 200,000 samples that world previously have been destroyed. Some 7,591 of these were subsequently matched with samples fro
16、m crime scenes, including those from 88 murders and 116 rapes. And since April 2004, police have been able to take and keep samples from anyone arrested for a recordable offence, even if charges do not ensue. The main reason the NDNAD is larger than databases in other countries is that Britain was f
17、irst to start using DNA as an investigative tool. So not only has it had time to collect more DNA samples, but it has also had longer to appreciate the sheer power of a large database. “Every other country that does databasing will get to where Britain is now,“ says Chris Asplen, a consultant to law
18、 enforcement agencies and governments on DNA technology. The increased use of DNA evidence has given rise to intriguing new courtroom defences. DNA tests are now so sensitive that they can detect if a person has sneezed or sweated near an object. John Swain, a barrister with a background in biochemi
19、stry, recently defended a man charged with armed robbery. The defendants DNA was on the gun that was used, but the defence argued that he might just have been near it after he had been to the gym, and that an errant bead of sweat could account for the presence of his DNA on a weapon he had never han
20、dled. He was declared not guilty. 21 The text mainly talks about （ A） more populous countries have more crime. （ B） British citizens are quite knowledgeable about DNA. （ C） Britains forensic DNA database is the worlds biggest, and growing fast. （ D） the development of DNA Databases. 22 As the NDNAD
21、was established in 1995, （ A） it was difficult for it to expand the collection. （ B） it held samples from more than 5% of the entire population. （ C） many people from England and Wales offended it. （ D） it collected samples only from those offences that may lead to jail terms. 23 The case of two men
22、 who had been convicted of murder and rape in paragraph 3 （ A） proved that the former rule of NDNAD should be abolished. （ B） led to the destroy of 200,000 samples in NDNAD. （ C） resulted in the two men being confined in prison. （ D） showed the importance of the DNA evidence. 24 The NDNAD has more D
23、NA samples than other countries in that （ A） it is holding profiles from more than 20% of all adults. （ B） police are able to take samples from anyone arrested for a recordable offence. （ C） Britain is the earliest to take DNA as an investigative tool. （ D） other countries are not eager to do databa
24、sing. 25 What can we infer from the last paragraph? （ A） DNA evidence should be used more widely. （ B） John Swain defended the man successfully by DNA technology. （ C） DNA tests are too sensitive to be reliable. （ D） The defendant left his fingerprint on the weapon of the robbery. 26 On September 30
25、th students at the University of Massachusetts threw a toga (a ceremonial gown) party. The cops showed up, uninvited. They charged the host, James Connolly, with underage drinking, making too much noise, and having a keg without a licence. For punishment, he had to put on his toga again and stand in
26、 front of the police station for an hour. Dan Markel of Florida State University reckons that such “shaming punishments“ are on the rise. In 2003 a couple of teenagers who defaced a nativity scene in Ohio had to parade through town with a donkey. “The punishment must fit the crime,“ explained the ju
27、dge, Michael Cicconetti. Several cities have aired the names of men caught soliciting prostitutes on “John TV“. In 2004, a federal appeals court agreed that a mail thief could be made to stand outside a California post office wearing a sandwich board. “I stole mail,“ it read. “This is my punishment.
28、“ In Virginia, if you fail to pay child support, you may find your car wheel-clamped: pink if you are neglecting a girl, blue for a boy. Many support shaming punishments. Amitai Etzioni of George Washington University has argued that they are a good way to express communal values. Fines, in contrast
29、, imply that you can buy a clear conscience. And shame seems to be a powerful deterrent. Mr. Cicconetti says he sees few repeat offenders. Cheerful Hobbesian types want everyone to know who the bad guys are, so that decent citizens can avoid them. Others are doubtful. According to Mr. Markel, shamin
30、g punishments undermine human dignity. He suggests alternative punishments that omit the public-humiliation factor. A landlord who flouts the health code, for example, could be made to stay in one of his own slums. And it is true that there is something unpleasant about the desire to see other peopl
31、e humiliated. Remember the matron who objects to Hester Prynnes scarlet letter: “Why, look you, she may cover it with a brooch, or suchlike heathenish adornment, and so walk the streets as brave as ever!“ But voters appear to be comfortable on the high horse. Ted Poe, a former district judge from Te
32、xas, made his reputation by issuing a string of embarrassing sentences. He called this “Poetic justice.“ Once, he sentenced a man who stole pistols from the Lone Ranger to shovel manure in the Houston police stables. In 2004 Mr. Poe was elected to the House of Representatives at his first attempt. 2
33、6 Which of the following example shows that the penalty is suitable for the crime? （ A） A man involved in sexual services has to parade through city with a donkey. （ B） A letter thief is forced to stand outside a post office to admit his wrongdoing. （ C） A person not paying child support is aired on
34、 TV. （ D） A student drinking alcohol must stand in front of schoolgate for an hour. 27 A lot of people approve “shaming punishments“ because （ A） they are a way to buy a clear conscience instead of fines. （ B） they can better show peoples common values. （ C） shame is a powerful tool to make criminal
35、s surrender. （ D） they tell others who the bad guys are and help them to correct. 28 Those who suspect “shaming punishments“ argue that （ A） they can impair self-respect of those criminals. （ B） they may lead to unpleasant outcome. （ C） they are not enough penalty for those criminals. （ D） they will
36、 encourage people to commit further crime. 29 Mr. Poe became the House of Representatives mainly because （ A） he can make voters live a comfortable life. （ B） he is a famous district judge for writing great poems. （ C） he set a series of court judgement to shame criminals. （ D） he punished a thief b
37、y forcing him to shovel manure. 30 The best title for the text is （ A） Poetic justice. （ B） A vogue for shaming wrongdoers. （ C） Doubtful punishments. （ D） Criminals should be shamed. 31 In a world where bad news has become everyday news, people are turning to an ancient technique to deal with stres
38、s: meditation. At meditation centers, prayer groups and yoga studios around the United States, more and more are finding peace of mind by being quiet. Some use meditation to help deal with life changes; others, to process the painful reality of political and social unrest around the world of the typ
39、e that has been experienced more recently. Stress from the September 11 terrorist attacks is probably “about 70 percent“ of the reason one Chicago man started meditating and practicing yoga with his new wife. He became so emotionally affected that he realized he needed help in managing his stress. T
40、he yoga classes he takes begin and end with meditation. This “quiet time“ helps him feel a lot more relaxed and gives him more breath control. The fact is, though, that he is not alone. Across the country, many are turning to more meditative exercise as they seek both psychological and physiological
41、 relief. In addition to helping people work out their stress, these classes bring people together, in the same way that religious Services or other community activities have done in the past. Different schools of meditation teach particular techniques, but they share a common basis-focusing attentio
42、n on something your mind can return to if you are distracted. This may be the rhythm of breathing, an object such as a candle flame, or a repetitive movement, as in walking or taiji. Regardless of the specific technique or mode that is followed, meditation has well-documented benefits. Medical resea
43、rch indicates that it causes a sharp decrease in metabolic activity, reduced muscle tension, slower breathing, and a shift from faster brainwaves to slower waves, it also reduces high blood pressure. Practitioners are convinced that meditation is good for health because it relaxes the body. For ages
44、, meditation has been a core practice of many groups meeting in their communal or religious centers. However, lets not forget that this is the twenty-first century. So, for those people who are too shy or busy to go to the nearest meditation center, there are Internet sites that offer online guided
45、meditation. One has a variety of meditations from various religious traditions. At another, Jesuit priests post meditations and readings from the Scriptures everyday, and at still another, Buddhist and Hindu practitioners include music and visuals to accompany their offerings. These websites allow a
46、nyone with a computer access to meditation at any time. The fact is that whether online, at yoga classes, or at local spiritual centers, more people are turning to the practice of meditation. 31 The increasing popularity of meditation results from peoples need for （ A） coping with growing stresses.
47、（ B） seeking refuge from social unrest. （ C） escaping painful experiences. （ D） maintaining emotional health. 32 The Chicago man is introduced to show （ A） the psychological benefits of yoga exercises. （ B） the serious impact of terrorism on U.S. people. （ C） the immediate effect of yoga and meditat
48、ion. （ D） the physical advantage of meditative practice. 33 Various meditative techniques all requires （ A） modes identical to religious services. （ B） restless repetition of a certain prayer. （ C） continuous movements of taiji. （ D） a great deal of mental concentration. 34 From the passage, we know
49、 that meditation （ A） will be used in the practice of taiji. （ B） has been identified by official department. （ C） may change the speed of brainwaves. （ D） can cure high blood pressure better than medicines. 35 In this new era, meditation is characterized by （ A） lots of prayer gatherings. （ B） availability of online resources. （ C） a wide variety of its procedures. （ D） forceful evidence of its benefits. 36 We have to realize how old, how very old, we are. Nations are classified as “aged“ when
