1、雅思（阅读）历年真题试卷汇编 2及答案与解析 0 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below. How to spot a liar? However much we may abhor it, deception comes naturally to all living things. Birds do it by feigning injury to lead hungry predators away from nesting young.
2、Spider crabs do it by disguise: adorning themselves with strips of kelp and other debris, they pretend to be something they are not and so escape their enemies. Nature amply rewards successful deceivers by allowing them to survive long enough to mate and reproduce. So it may come as no surprise to l
3、earn that human beings who, according to psychologist Gerald Jellison of the University of South California, are lied to about 200 times a day, roughly one untruth every five minutes often deceive for exactly the same reasons: to save their own skins or to get something they cant get by other means.
4、 But knowing how to catch deceit can be just as important a survival skill as knowing how to tell a lie and get away with it. A person able to spot falsehood quickly is unlikely to be swindled by an unscrupulous business associate or hoodwinked by a devious spouse. Luckily, nature provides more than
5、 enough clues to trap dissemblers in their own tangled webs if you know where to look. By closely observing facial expressions, body language and tone of voice, practically anyone can recognize the telltale signs of lying. Researchers are even programming computers like those used on Lie Detector to
6、 get at the truth by analyzing the same physical cues available to the naked eye and ear. “With the proper training, many people can learn to reliably detect lies,“ says Paul Ekman, professor of psychology at the University of California, San Francisco, who has spent the past 15 years studying the s
7、ecret art of deception. In order to know what kind of lies work best, successful liars need to accurately assess other peoples emotional states. Ekmans research shows that this same emotional intelligence is essential for good lie detectors, too. The emotional state to watch out for is stress, the c
8、onflict most liars feel between the truth and what they actually say and do. Even high-tech lie detectors dont detect lies as such; they merely detect the physical cues of emotions, which may or may not correspond to what the person being tested is saying. Polygraphs, for instance, measure respirati
9、on, heart rate and skin conductivity, which tend to increase when people are nervous as they usually are when lying. Nervous people typically perspire, and the salts contained in perspiration conduct electricity. Thats why a sudden leap in skin conductivity indicates nervousness about getting caught
10、, perhaps? which might, in turn, suggest that someone is being economical with the truth. On the other hand, it might also mean that the lights in the television studio are too hot which is one reason polygraph tests are inadmissible in court. “Good lie detectors dont rely on a single sign,“ Ekman s
11、ays, “but interpret clusters of verbal and nonverbal clues that suggest someone might be lying.“ Those clues are written all over the face. Because the musculature of the face is directly connected to the areas of the brain that process emotion, the countenance can be a window to the soul. Neurologi
12、cal studies even suggest that genuine emotions travel different pathways through the brain than insincere ones. If a patient paralyzed by stroke on one side of the face, for example, is asked to smile deliberately, only the mobile side of the mouth is raised. But tell that same person a funny joke,
13、and the patient breaks into a full and spontaneous smile. Very few people most notably, actors and politicians are able to consciously control all of their facial expressions. Lies can often be caught when the liars true feelings briefly leak through the mask of deception. “We dont think before we f
14、eel,“ Ekman says. “Expressions tend to show up on the face before were even conscious of experiencing an emotion.“ One of the most difficult facial expressions to fake or conceal, if it is genuinely felt is sadness. When someone is truly sad, the forehead wrinkles with grief and the inner comers of
15、the eyebrows are pulled up. Fewer than 15% of the people Ekman tested were able to produce this eyebrow movement voluntarily. By contrast, the lowering of the eyebrows associated with an angry scowl can be replicated at will by almost everybody. “If someone claims they are sad and the inner corners
16、of their eyebrows dont go up,“ Ekman says, “the sadness is probably false.“ The smile, on the other hand, is one of the easiest facial expressions to counterfeit. It takes just two muscles the zygomaticus major muscles that extend from the cheekbones to the corners of the lips to produce a grin. But
17、 theres a catch. A genuine smile affects not only the corners of the lips but also the orbicularis oculi, the muscle around the eye that produces the distinctive “crows-feet“ associated with people who laugh a lot. A counterfeit grin can be unmasked if the lip corners go up, the eyes crinkle but the
18、 inner comers of the eyebrows are not lowered, a movement controlled by the orbicularis oculi that is difficult to fake. The absence of lowered eyebrows is one reason why false smiles look so strained and stiff. Questions i-5 Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Pa
19、ssage 1? In boxes 7-5 on your answer sheet write YES if the statement agrees with the information NO if the statement contradicts the information NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this 1 All living animals can lie. （ A） Yes （ B） No （ C） Not Given 2 Some people tell lies for self-preservation.
20、（ A） Yes （ B） No （ C） Not Given 3 Scientists have used computers to analyze which part of brain is responsible for telling lies. （ A） Yes （ B） No （ C） Not Given 4 Lying as a survival skill is more important than detecting a lie. （ A） Yes （ B） No （ C） Not Given 5 To be a good liar one has to understa
21、nd other peoples emotions. （ A） Yes （ B） No （ C） Not Given 5 Choose the correct letter A, B, C or D. Write your answers in boxes 6-9 on your answer sheet. 6 How does the lie-detector work? （ A） It detects whether ones emotional state is stable. （ B） It detects ones brain activity level. （ C） It dete
22、cts body behavior during ones verbal response. （ D） It analyzes ones verbal response word by word. 7 Lie detectors cant be used as evidence in a court of law, because （ A） lights often cause lie detectors to malfunction. （ B） they are based on too many verbal and non-verbal cues. （ C） polygraph test
23、s are often inaccurate. （ D） there may be many causes of a certain body behavior. 8 Why does the author mention the paralyzed patients? （ A） To demonstrate how a paralyzed patient smiles （ B） To show the relation between true emotions and body behavior （ C） To examine how they were paralyzed （ D） To
24、 show the importance of happiness from recovery 9 The author uses politicians to exemplify that they can （ A） have emotions. （ B） imitate actors. （ C） detect other peoples lies. （ D） mask their true feelings. 9 Classify the following facial traits as referring to A Sadness B Anger C Happiness Write
25、the correct letter A, BorC in boxes 10-13 on your answer sheet. 10 Inner corner of eyebrows raised 11 The whole eyebrows lowered 12 Lines formed around eyes 13 Lines formed above eyebrows 13 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26 which are based on Reading Passage 2 below. Being Left-h
26、anded in a Right-handed World The world is designed for right-handed people. Why does a tenth of the population prefer the left? Section A The probability that two right-handed people would have a left-handed child is only about 9.5 percent. The chance rises to 19.5 percent if one parent is a lefty
27、and 26 percent if both parents are left-handed. The preference, however, could also stem from an infants imitation of his parents. To test genetic influence, starting in the 1970s British biologist Marian Annett of the University of Leicester hypothesized that no single gene determines handedness. R
28、ather, during fetal development, a certain molecular factor helps to strengthen the brains left hemisphere, which increases the probability that the right hand will be dominant, because the left side of the brain controls the right side of the body, and vice versa. Among the minority of people who l
29、ack this factor, handedness develops entirely by chance. Research conducted on twins complicates the theory, however. One in five sets of identical twins involves one right-handed and one left-handed person, despite the fact that their genetic material is the same. Genes, therefore, are not solely r
30、esponsible for handedness. Section B Genetic theory is also undermined by results from Peter Hepper and his team at Queens University in Belfast, Ireland. In 2004 the psychologists used ultrasound to show that by the 15th week of pregnancy, fetuses already have a preference as to which thumb they su
31、ck. In most cases, the preference continued after birth. At 15 weeks, though, the brain does not yet have control over the bodys limbs. Hepper speculates that fetuses tend to prefer whichever side of the body is developing quicker and that their movements, in turn, influence the brains development.
32、Whether this early preference is temporary or holds up throughout development and infancy is unknown. Genetic predetermination is also contradicted by the widespread observation that children do not settle on either their right or left hand until they are two or three years old. Section C But even i
33、f these correlations were true, they did not explain what actually causes left-handedness. Furthermore, specialization on either side of the body is common among animals. Cats will favor one paw over another when fishing toys out from under the couch. Horses stomp more frequently with one hoof than
34、the other. Certain crabs motion predominantly with the left or right claw. In evolutionary terms, focusing power and dexterity in one limb is more efficient than having to train two, four or even eight limbs equally. Yet for most animals, the preference for one side or the other is seemingly random.
35、 The overwhelming dominance of the right hand is associated only with humans. That fact directs attention toward the brains two hemispheres and perhaps toward language. Section D Interest in hemispheres dates back to at least 1836. That year, at a medical conference, French physician Marc Dax report
36、ed on an unusual commonality among his patients. During his many years as a country doctor, Dax had encountered more than 40 men and women for whom speech was difficult, the result of some kind of brain damage. What was unique was that every individual suffered damage to the left side of the brain.
37、At the conference, Dax elaborated on his theory, stating that each half of the brain was responsible for certain functions and that the left hemisphere controlled speech. Other experts showed little interest in the Frenchmans ideas. Over time, however, scientists found more and more evidence of peop
38、le experiencing speech difficulties following injury to the left brain. Patients with damage to the right hemisphere most often displayed disruptions in perception or concentration. Major advancements in understanding the brains asymmetry were made in the 1960s as a result of so-called split-brain s
39、urgery, developed to help patients with epilepsy. During this operation, doctors severed the corpus callosum the nerve bundle that connects the two hemispheres. The surgical cut also stopped almost all normal communication between the two hemispheres, which offered researchers the opportunity to inv
40、estigate each sides activity. Section E In 1949 neurosurgeon Juhn Wada devised the first test to provide access to the brains functional organization of language. By injecting an anesthetic into the right or left carotid artery, Wada temporarily paralyzed one side of a healthy brain, enabling him to
41、 more closely study the other sides capabilities. Based on this approach, Brenda Milner and the late Theodore Rasmussen of the Montreal Neurological Institute published a major study in 1975 that confirmed the theory that country doctor Dax had formulated nearly 140 years earlier: in 96 percent of r
42、ight-handed people, language is processed much more intensely in the left hemisphere. The correlation is not as clear in lefties, however. For two thirds of them, the left hemisphere is still the most active language processor. But for the remaining third, either the right side is dominant or both s
43、ides work equally, controlling different language functions. That last statistic has slowed acceptance of the notion that the predominance of right-handedness is driven by left-hemisphere dominance in language processing. It is not at all clear why language control should somehow have dragged the co
44、ntrol of body movement with it. Some experts think one reason the left hemisphere reigns over language is because the organs of speech processing the larynx and tongue are positioned on the bodys symmetry axis. Because these structures were centered, it may have been unclear, in evolutionary terms,
45、which side of the brain should control them, and it seems unlikely that shared operation would result in smooth motor activity. Language and handedness could have developed preferentially for very different reasons as well. For example, some researchers, including evolutionary psychologist Michael C
46、. Corballis of the University of Auckland in New Zealand, think that the origin of human speech lies in gestures. Gestures predated words and helped language emerge. If the left hemisphere began to dominate speech, it would have dominated gestures, too, and because the left brain controls the right
47、side of the body, the right hand developed more strongly. Section F Perhaps we will know more soon. In the meantime, we can revel in what, if any, differences handedness brings to our human talents. Popular wisdom says right-handed, left-brained people excel at logical, analytical thinking. Left-han
48、ded, right-brained individuals are thought to possess more creative skills and may be better at combining the functional features emergent in both sides of the brain. Yet some neu-roscientists see such claims as pure speculation. Fewer scientists are ready to claim that left-handedness means greater
49、 creative potential. Yet lefties are prevalent among artists, composers and the generally acknowledged great political thinkers. Possibly if these individuals are among the lefties whose language abilities are evenly distributed between hemispheres, the intense interplay required could lead to unusual mental capabilities. Section G Or perhaps some lefties become highly creative simply because they must be more clever to get by in our right-handed world. This battle, which begins during the very early stages of childhood, may la
