1、大学英语六级模拟试卷 726及答案与解析 一、 Part I Writing (30 minutes) 1 Publicizing Lists of Uncivilized Residents 1，目前某市政府在媒体上曝光不文明的市民 2人们对这种做法反应不一 3你的看法 二、 Part II Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) (15 minutes) Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer
2、the questions attached to the passage. For questions 1-4, mark： Y (for YES) if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage; N (for NO) if the statement contradicts the information given in the passage; NG (for NOT GIVEN) if the information is not given in the passage. 2 Hostage Ne
3、gotiation A hostage situation is a law-enforcement worst-case scenario, because it places innocent civilians directly in harms way. Armed intervention becomes very risky, since the hostages themselves can be harmed either by stray bullets or by the hostage-takers. That makes the negotiation the most
4、 important aspect of any hostage crisis. A skilled negotiator must find out what the hostage-taker wants, who he or she is and what it will take to achieve a peaceful outcome, all while ensuring the safety of the hostages and other bystanders. Ideally, a hostage situation ends with everyone walking
5、away. In this article, well find out what happens on the scene of a hostage negotiation,how a negotiator gets the job done. We will also take a look at the psychology of hostage-takers. The Hostage Situation Although hostage situations can vary greatly based on the motivations of the hostage-taker a
6、nd the exact circumstances surrounding the incident, there are some basic facts that apply to all hostage situations. The hostage-taker wants to obtain something. This can be as simple as money, personal safety or sale passage to another country, or it can involve complicated political goals. The ta
7、rget of the hostage-taker is not the hostage; it is some third party (a person, a company or a government) that can provide whatever it is the hostage-taker wants. The hostages are bargaining chips. They may have symbolic value (as at the 1972 Munich Olympics, in which the target was the Israeli gov
8、ernment and the hostages were Israeli athletes), but the hostages themselves could be anyone. Hostage situations move through several distinct phases. Initial Phase This phase is violent and brief and lasts as long as it takes for the hostage-takers to make their assault and subdue(慑服 ) the hostages
9、. The end of this phase is often marked by the presentation of the hostage takers demands. Negotiation Phase At this point, law-enforcement officials are on the scene, and the demands have probably been received. This phase can last hours, days or months and could also be referred to as “the standof
10、f(均衡 ) phase. “Physically, nothing about the situation changes greatly. The hostages and the hostage-takers stay in the same place. However, a lot is happening during this phase in terms of the relationships developing between everyone involved. The negotiators job boils down to manipulating those r
11、elationships in a way that results in a peaceful ending. Termination Phase This is the brief, sometimes violent final phase. This phase has one of throe results: The hostage-takers surrender peacefully and are arrested. Police assault the hostage-takers and kill or arrest them. The hostage-takers de
12、mands are granted, and they escape. The fate of the hostages does not necessarily depend on what happens during the termination phase. Even if the hostage-takers give up, they may have killed the hostages during the negotiations. Often, hostages are killed either accidentally by police or intentiona
13、lly by their captors during an assault. There have even been cases in which the hostage-takers were granted their demands, but they killed a hostage anyway. There is also a post-incident stage in which the effects of the incident play themselves out. These effects can include changes in the status o
14、f the groups responsible, shifts in the relationships between world governments or in creases in security. Hostage-takers One of the first things a negotiator does when he or she arrives on the scene of a hostage crisis is to find out everything about the hostage-taker. The most basic question is: W
15、hy did this person take a hostage? There are a few common reasons. The hostage-taker might be emotionally or mentally disturbed. His or her specific reason for taking a hostage may be illogical. He or she may be suicidal. This is the only type of hostage situation in which the hostage is often relat
16、ed to the hostage-taker. This type of hostage situation is unplanned. According to Lt. Gary Schmidt of the Cheektowaga Police Department in Cheektowaga, NY, this is the type of hostage situation the average police officer faces most often. “Most of the time, its a single person involved in a domesti
17、c dispute, barricaded in a home. The hostages are family members in the same building.“ Some criminals use innocent bystanders as human shields to protect themselves from the police. In most cases, this happens when a criminal is caught, panics and grabs a hostage to help himself escape. In rare eas
18、es, hostages are part of a plan used by professional criminals to aid in their escape, but usually, it is unplanned. The most famous hostage situations in history have been the result of carefully planned attacks by terrorists and radical political groups. The hostage-takers intend from the beginnin
19、g to trade the lives of the hostages for whatever specific goals they want to achieve. These can range from changes in one or more countries political policies, the re lease of political prisoners or the repeal of specific laws. Terrorist groups may also have goals that they will achieve regardless
20、of the outcome: destabilizing the target of their attack and attracting attention to their cause. Kidnapping is a form of hostage crisis, but it doesnt resemble a typical hostage situation in which the hostage-takers are barricaded in a known area. Kidnappers keep their hostage in a secret location,
21、 and communication is often one-way the kidnappers tell the authorities what to do. As a result, there isnt much negotiating. Regardless of the hostage-takers motivation, the basic element of negotiating remains the same. “You work to build a rapport(亲善 ) and encourage them to bring about a peaceful
22、 conclusion. The same techniques are used whenever someone is in crisis,“ said Lt. Schmidt. Negotiator Objectives and Tactics There are four primary objectives of a negotiator. Prolong the situation. The longer a hostage situation lasts, the more likely that it will end peacefully. Tactics in elude
23、stalling while an official with more authority is consulted, getting deadlines pushed back, focusing the hostage takers attention on details such as what type of airplane they want and asking them open-ended questions rather than yes/no questions. Ensure the safety of the hostages. This means convin
24、cing the hostage-taker to allow medical treatment or re lease for sick or injured hostages, negotiating the delivery of food and water and negotiating the release of as many hostages as possible. Getting some of the hostages out of the situation not only ensures their safety, but it also simplifies
25、the situation in the event that an armed assault becomes necessary. In addition, released hostages can provide invaluable information about the locations and habits of the captors and the other hostages. Keep things calm. From the initial assault through the first hours of negotiations, hostage-take
26、rs can be extremely volatile(易波动的 ). Theyre usually angry about whatever perceived injustice has led them to take hostages, and they are filled with adrenaline(肾上腺素 ) following the excitement of their attack. Angry, excited people with machine guns are not good for hostages. The negotiator should ne
27、ver argue with a hostage-taker and never say no to a demand. Instead, the negotiator should use delaying tactics or make a counter-offer. Above all, the negotiator should keep a positive, upbeat attitude, reassuring the hostage-taker that everything will eventually work out peace fully. Foster the g
28、rowth of relationships between negotiator and hostage-taker and between hostage-taker and hostages. The negotiator must seem credible to the captol. That is, the negotiator must act like he or she understands the reasons for the hostage-takers actions but still come across as strong not just eager t
29、o please. The negotiator can also encourage activities that require cooperation and interaction between the captors and the hostages, such as sending food and medical supplies in bulk packages that have to be prepared. When the hostage-taker gets to know the hostages and sees them as human beings, i
30、t becomes more difficult to execute them. In a 1975 hostage standoff on a train in Holland, a hostage, Robert de Groot, who had been chosen for death, was spared after the terrorists heard him pray for his wife and children. Some of the hostage-takers wept,and two of them agreed to avoid a fatal sho
31、t when they pushed him out of the train. He rolled down an embankment unscathed, played dead and escaped a shot while later. When the terrorists selected other hostages for execution, they didnt allow prayer and killed them quickly to avoid the emotional strain. 2 A hostage situation is further wors
32、ened by the fact that bystanders could be hurt by stray bullets. （ A） Y （ B） N （ C） NG 3 In all hostage situations, the hostage-taker invariably wants something and the real target is a third party. （ A） Y （ B） N （ C） NG 4 Hostage situations are usually in tremendous disorder, so there are no obviou
33、s stages in them, （ A） Y （ B） N （ C） NG 5 After they get the hostages, the hostage-takers usually declare their demands during the negotiation phase. （ A） Y （ B） N （ C） NG 6 When a negotiator arrives at the scene of a hostage crisis, a first thing is to know _. 7 The type of hostage-taker that NY po
34、lice officer cope with most often is those in _. 8 Usually, terrorists or radical political groups cause the most famous hostage situations with _. 9 No matter what the hostage situation is like, the principle of negotiating is to work the hostage-takers into a _. 10 Negotiators, push the hostage-ta
35、kers deadlines, or shift his attention to unimportant details in order to _. 11 To effectively promote relationships between negotiator and hostage-taker, _ must appear as credible to the captor. Section A Directions: In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At
36、the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A, B, C and D, and decide which is the best answ
37、er. （ A） They have to bargain on the sale. （ B） The TV set is usually on sale. （ C） They advertise to sell their TV set. （ D） They go to buy a TV set at a bargain price. （ A） The effects of the flood. （ B） The prices of fruits and vegetables. （ C） The cause of the flood. （ D） Floods of the past twen
38、ty years. （ A） They waited for each other at different concerts. （ B） They waited for each other at different places. （ C） They went to the street corner at different times. （ D） The man went to the concert but the woman didnt. （ A） The air is contaminated. （ B） People there are exhausted. （ C） Its
39、too windy for swimming. （ D） The beaches are dirty. （ A） Its open only to teachers and postgraduates. （ B） He can study there if he is writing a research paper. （ C） Senior students can enjoy more rights than other undergraduates. （ D） He needs the approval of his professor for the use of it. （ A） I
40、t was pretty good. （ B） It was rather dull. （ C） It was not well organized. （ D） It was attended by many people. （ A） Ways of getting extra credits. （ B） All requirements of an M.A. degree. （ C） The credit hours required for a degree. （ D） Taking more optional courses. （ A） He has many interesting d
41、reams. （ B） He sleeps a lot without doing anything. （ C） He doesnt put his ideas into practice. （ D） He doesnt have any good ideas. （ A） Jerrys wife is ill. （ B） Sherwins husband is ill. （ C） Jerrys daughter is ill. （ D） Sherwins daughter is ill. （ A） She was on vacation. （ B） She was sleeping. （ C）
42、 She was busy. （ D） She was doing nothing. （ A） It was too noisy. （ B） Jerry didnt explain very clearly. （ C） The phone didnt work well. （ D） Sherwin was a little bit deaf. （ A） Common causes of anger. （ B） Judging peoples behavior. （ C） Changing peoples attitudes. （ D） The effects of negative behav
43、ior. （ A） When theyre unable to control the persons behavior. （ B） When the causes of the behavior are obvious. （ C） When the consequences of the behavior are unpleasant. （ D） When the behavior is expected. （ A） Its not always clear why people behave in certain ways. （ B） People usually blame others
44、 for their mistakes. （ C） Certain conditions cause drivers to behave strangely. （ D） The reason for some behavior is obvious. （ A） They usually accept responsibility. （ B） They blame factors beyond their control. （ C） They complain about their personal problems. （ D） They compare their behavior to o
45、thers. Section B Directions: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D.
46、（ A） It was caused by a teenagers carelessness. （ B） It took place on a windy day in October. （ C） It destroyed 18,000 acres of woodland and 20 houses. （ D） It caused an estimated $ 20 million loss. （ A） The boy and his parents should be sent to jail. （ B） No criminal charges will be filed to the bo
47、y. （ C） The family should give out their house to the victims. （ D） The boy will be sued for civil charges. （ A） He will sue them for damages. （ B） He will live in their house forever. （ C） He will give a pardon to them. （ D） He will have them build a house for him. （ A） The color of the dog. （ B） T
48、he price of the dog. （ C） Whether the dog will fit the environment. （ D） Whether the dog will get along with other pets in the house. （ A） It must be trained so it wont bite. （ B） It demands more food and space. （ C） It costs more money to keep. （ D） It needs more love and care from the master. （ A）
49、 They are less likely to run away. （ B） It is easier for their master to train them to perform specific tasks. （ C） They are less likely to be shy with other pets in the house. （ D） Its easier for them to form a relationship with their masters. （ A） She is a housewife. （ B） She is a teacher. （ C） She is a singer. （ D） She is a musician. （ A） The violin was too expensive. （ B） She was too young to play the violin. （ C） The violin was too big for her. （ D） Her mother wanted her to
