1、专业英语八级模拟试卷 857及答案与解析 SECTION A MINI-LECTURE In this section you will hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the mini-lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening to the mini-lecture, please complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE and write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each gap. Make sure the word(s) you
2、 fill in is (are) both grammatically and semantically acceptable. You may use the blank sheet for note-taking. You have THIRTY seconds to preview the gap-filling task. 0 Theories of History I. How much we know about history? A.【 T1】 _ exist for only a fraction of mans time【 T1】 _ B. The accuracy of
3、these records is often【 T2】 _, 【 T2】 _ and【 T3】 _often needs improvement. 【 T3】 _ II. Reconstruction of history before writing A. being difficult because of the【 T4】 _of history to us【 T4】 _ B. the most that we can do is: use【 T5】 _【 T5】 _ and the knowledge of the habits of animals. III. Theories ab
4、out history A. Objective: impossible to【 T6】 _the beginning and【 T6】 _ 【 T7】 _the end of mans story. 【 T7】 _ B. One theory believes that man continually【 T8】 _. 【 T8】 _ 【 T9】 _must be more intelligent and civilized【 T9】 _ than his ancestors. Human race will evolve into a race of【 T10】 _. 【 T10】 _ C.
5、 The second theory holds the mans history is like a【 T11】 _ 【 T11】 _ of development. Modern man is not 【 T12】 _. 【 T12】 _ Modern man may be inferior to members of【 T13】 _. 【 T13】 _ D. The third theory: Human societies【 T14】 _a cycle of stages, 【 T14】 _ but overall progress is【 T15】 _in the long hist
6、orical perspective. 【 T15】 _ 1 【 T1】 2 【 T2】 3 【 T3】 4 【 T4】 5 【 T5】 6 【 T6】 7 【 T7】 8 【 T8】 9 【 T9】 10 【 T10】 11 【 T11】 12 【 T12】 13 【 T13】 14 【 T14】 15 【 T15】 SECTION B INTERVIEW In this section you will hear ONE interview. The interview will be divided into TWO parts. At the end of each part, fiv
7、e questions will be asked about what was said. Both the interview and the questions will be spoken ONCE ONLY. After each question there will be a ten-second pause. During the pause, you should read the four choices of A , B , C and D , and mark the best answer to each question on ANSWER SHEET TWO. Y
8、ou have THIRTY seconds to preview the questions. （ A） Because they are surrounded by iron products. （ B） Because they take in too much iron from the diet. （ C） Because they suffer from the side effect of modern technology. （ D） Because they are influenced by the radiation of computers. （ A） Taking a
9、n operation. （ B） Injection therapy. （ C） Blood donation. （ D） Taking medicine. （ A） People need enough sun to get vitamin D. （ B） The ultraviolet rays from sun are beneficial. （ C） The sun can bring people a good mood. （ D） People can do outdoor exercise only in the sun. （ A） They tend to take in l
10、ess vitamin D in that season. （ B） They do less exercise and become weaker than usual. （ C） They need to eat much more greasy food to keep warm. （ D） They get less sun to convert cholesterol into vitamin D. （ A） Because some people dont think they need the sun to get vitamin D. （ B） Because its an e
11、xample of an evolutionary compromise. （ C） Because someone has got too much sun. （ D） Because some people think they are healthy enough. （ A） Because the gene has been passed down before they died. （ B） Because their families and relatives had similar gene. （ C） Because the gene had to protect peopl
12、e in the past and today. （ D） Because the gene has been passed down by skipped generation. （ A） Ten minutes before we go indoor. （ B） Ten minutes after exposing to the sun. （ C） The first ten minutes when go out in the sun. （ D） As soon as we go out in the sun. （ A） Because they take advantage of nu
13、merous fertilizers. （ B） Because they are all sprayed with pesticides. （ C） Because they contain great chemicals and make poisons. （ D） Because they have been processed before sale. （ A） Because some of them are not used to some kinds of alcohol. （ B） Because most of them drink fewer times than peop
14、le of other continents. （ C） Because half of them lack a gene to break down alcohol efficiently. （ D） Because some of them suffer from diseases that limit drinking. （ A） It gives conventional account for medicine. （ B） It introduces the dietary regime for the sick. （ C） It sees various medical issue
15、s in new light. （ D） It offers tips on survival in the wilderness. SECTION A MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS In this section there are several passages followed by fourteen multiple-choice questions. For each multiple-choice question, there are four suggested answers marked A , B, C and D. Choose the one
16、that you think is the best answer. 25 (1) “The world isnt flat,“ writes Edward Glaeser, “its paved.“ At any rate, most of the places where people prefer to dwell are paved. More than half of humanity now lives in cities, and every month 5 million people move from the countryside to a city somewhere
17、in the developing world. (2) For Mr Glaeser, a Harvard economist who grew up in Manhattan, this is a happy prospect. He calls cities “our species greatest invention“: proximity makes people more inventive, as bright minds feed off one another; more productive, as scale gives rise to finer degrees of
18、 specialisation; and kinder to the planet, as city-dwellers are more likely to go by foot, bus or train than the car-slaves of suburbia and the sticks. He builds a strong case, too, for town-dwelling, drawing on his own research as well as that of other observers of urban life. And although liberall
19、y sprinkled with statistics, Triumph of the City is no dry work. Mr Glaeser writes lucidly and spares his readers the equations of his trade. (3) What makes some cities succeed? Successful places have in common the ability to attract people and to enable them to collaborate. Yet Mr Glaeser also says
20、 they are not like Tolstoys happy families: those that thrive, thrive in their own ways. Thus Tokyo is a national seat of political and financial power. Singapore embodies a peculiar mix of the free market, state-led industrialisation and paternalism. The well-educated citizenries of Boston, Milan,
21、Minneapolis and New York have found new sources of prosperity when old ones ran out. (4) Mr Glaeser is likely to raise hackles in three areas. The first is urban poverty in the developing world. He can see the misery of a slum in Kolkata, Lagos or Rio de Janeiro as easily as anyone else, but believe
22、s that “theres a lot to like about urban poverty“ because it beats the rural kind. Cities attract the poor with the promise of a better lot than the countryside offers. About three-quarters of Lagoss people have access to safe drinking water; the Nigerian average is less than 30%. Rural West Bengals
23、 poverty rate is twice Kolkatas. (5) The second is the height of buildings. Mr Glaeser likes them tall and its not just the Manhattanite in him speaking. He likes low-rise neighbourhoods, too, but points out that restrictions on height are also restrictions on the supply of space, which push up the
24、prices of housing and offices. That suits those who own property already, but hurts those who might otherwise move in, and hence perhaps the city as a whole. (6) So Mr Glaeser wonders whether central Paris might have benefited from a few skyscrapers. He certainly believes that his hometown should pr
25、eserve fewer old buildings. And he thinks that cities in developing countries should build up rather than out. New dovntown developments in Mumbai, he says, should rise to at least 40 storeys. (7) The third, related, area is sprawl, which is promoted, especially in America, by flawed policies nation
26、ally and locally. Living out of town may feel green, but it isnt. Americans live too far apart, drive too much and walk too little. The tax-deductibility of mortgage interest encourages people to buy houses rather than rent flats, buy bigger properties rather than smaller ones and therefore to sprea
27、d out. Minimum plot sizes keep folk out of, say, Marin County, California. He says that spreading Houston has “done a better job of providing affordable housing than all of the progressive reformers on Americas East and West coasts.“ (8) Cities need wise government above all else, and they get it to
28、o rarely. That is one reason why, from Paris in 1789 to Cairo in 2011, they are sources of political upheaval as well as economic advance. The reader may wonder if Mumbai really would be better off as a city of high-rise slums rather than low-rise ones. 26 The sentence in the first paragraph “The wo
29、rld isnt flat. its paved.“ implies that_. （ A） the world is a round settled planet （ B） cities are built by human beings （ C） urban life is better than suburban life （ D） people prefer to dwell in the countryside 27 According to Mr Glaesers theory, which of the following is NOT true? （ A） People sho
30、uld notice something positive about urban poverty. （ B） Low-rise neighbourhoods are advisable in developing countries. （ C） The mortgage interest policy promotes sprawl in America. （ D） The story of Marin County is a good demonstration of flawed policies. 28 Which of the following adjectives best de
31、scribes the authors treatment of Glaesers argumentation? （ A） Indifferent. （ B） Neutral. （ C） Affirmative. （ D） Critical. 28 (1) Imagine that you could rewind the clock 20 years, and youre 20 years younger. How do you feel? Well, if youre at all like the subjects in a provocative experiment by Harva
32、rd psychologist Ellen Langer, you actually feel as if your body clock has been turned back two decades. Langer did a study like this with a group of elderly men some years ago, retrofitting an isolated old New England hotel so that every visible sign said it was 20 years earlier. The men in their la
33、te 70s and early 80s were told not to reminisce about the past, but to actually act as if they had traveled back in time. The idea was to see if changing the mens mindset about their own age might lead to actual changes in health and fitness. (2) Langers findings were stunning: After just one week,
34、the men in the experimental group (compared with controls of the same age) had more joint flexibility, increased dexterity and less arthritis in their hands. Their mental sensitivity had risen measurably, and they had improved posture. Outsiders who were shown the mens photographs judged them to be
35、significantly younger than the controls. In other words, the aging process had in some measure been reversed. (3) Though this sounds a bit woo-wooey, Langer and her Harvard colleagues have been running similarly inventive experiments for decades, and the accumulated weight of the evidence is convinc
36、ing. Her theory, argued in her new book, Counterclockwise, is that we are all victims of our own stereotypes about aging and health. We mindlessly accept negative cultural cues about disease and old age, and these cues shape our self-concepts and our behavior. If we can shake loose from the negative
37、 cliches that dominate our thinking about health, we can “mindfully“ open ourselves to possibilities for more productive lives even into old age. (4) Consider another of Langers mindfulness studies, this one using an ordinary optometrists eye chart. Thats the chart with the huge E on top, and descen
38、ding lines of smaller and smaller letters that eventually become unreadable. Langer and her colleagues wondered: what if we reversed it? The regular chart creates the expectation that at some point you will be unable to read. Would turning the chart upside down reverse that expectation, so that peop
39、le would expect the letters to become readable? Thats exactly what they found. The subjects still couldnt read the tiniest letters, but when they were expecting the letters to get more legible, they were able to read smaller letters than they could have normally. Their expectation their mindset impr
40、oved their actual vision. (5) That means that some people may be able to change prescriptions if they change the way they think about seeing. But other health consequences might be mora important than that. Heres another study, this one using clothing as a trigger for aging stereotypes. Most people
41、try to dress appropriately for their age, so clothing in effect becomes a cue for ingrained attitudes about age. But what if this cue disappeared? Langer decided to study people who routinely wear uniforms as part of their work life, and compare them with people who dress in street clothes. She foun
42、d that people who wear uniforms missed fewer days owing to illness or injury, had fewer doctors visits and hospitalizations, and had fewer chronic diseases even though they all had the same socioeconomic status. Thats because they were not constantly reminded of their own aging by their fashion choi
43、ces. The health differences were even more exaggerated when Langer looked at affluent people: presumably the means to buy even more clothes provides a steady stream of new aging cues, which wealthy people internalize as unhealthy attitudes and expectations. (6) Langers point is that we are surrounde
44、d every day by subtle signals that aging is an undesirable period of decline. These signals make it difficult to age gracefully. Similar signals also lock all of us regardless of age into pigeonholes for disease. We are too quick to accept diagnostic categories like cancer and depression, and let th
45、em define us. (7) Thats not to say that we wont encounter illness, bad moods or a stiff back. But with a little mindfulness, we can try to embrace uncertainty and understand that the way we feel today may or may not connect to the way we will feel tomorrow. 29 Which of the following is NOT true abou
46、t the old men in the experimental group during Langers experiment? （ A） They look younger than they are. （ B） They look much happier than before. （ C） Their joints tend to be more flexible. （ D） They have fewer diseases than before. 30 The word woo-wooey in the third paragraph probably means _. （ A）
47、 marvelous （ B） incredible （ C） impractical （ D） mysterious 31 What is the role of the 4th paragraph in the development of the topic? （ A） To show how to use an eye chart in an unordinary way. （ B） To show that the regular eye chart is not properly designed. （ C） To offer supporting evidence to the
48、preceding paragraphs. （ D） To provide a contrast to the preceding paragraphs. 32 We can infer from the passage that _. （ A） rich people tend to be more conscious of getting old （ B） it is beneficial for human beings to travel back to the past （ C） an upside-down eye chart is good for peoples eyesigh
49、t （ D） mens mindset can wipe out illness like hand arthritis 32 (1) When catastrophic floods hit Bangladesh, TNTs emergency-response team was ready. The logistics giant, with headquarters in Amsterdam, has 50 people on standby to intervene anywhere in the world at 48 hours notice. This is part of a five-year-old partnership with the World Food Program (
