1、2011年职称英语（卫生类） A级真题试卷及答案与解析 一、 词汇选项 (第 1-15题，每题 1分，共 15分 ) 下面每个句子中均有 1个词或短语在括号中，请为每处括号部分的词汇或短语确定1个意义最为接近选项。 1 For some obscure reason, the simple game is becoming very popular. （ A） unclear （ B） obvious （ C） major （ D） minor 2 The sea turtles natural habitat has been considerably reduced. （ A） great
2、ly （ B） suddenly （ C） generally （ D） slightly 3 I got a note from Moria urging me to get in touch. （ A） instructing （ B） notifying （ C） pushing （ D） inviting 4 It is possible to approach the problem in a different way. （ A） raise （ B） pose （ C） experience （ D） handle 5 The decision to invade provoke
3、d storms of protest. （ A） ignored （ B） organized （ C） caused （ D） received 6 Jane said that she couldnt tolerate the long hours. （ A） spend （ B） take （ C） last （ D） stand 7 At 80, Peck was still vigorous and living in Paris. （ A） energetic （ B） happy （ C） alone （ D） busy 8 Forester stared at his car
4、, trembling with rage. （ A） shaking （ B） turning （ C） jumping （ D） shouting 9 A young man is being hailed a hero tonight after rescuing two children. （ A） reported （ B） proved （ C） praised （ D） caught 10 I wanted to ask her out but was scared that she might refuse. （ A） anxious （ B） sure （ C） sad （
5、D） afraid 11 At that time, we did not fully grasp the significance of what had happened. （ A） give （ B） attach （ C） lose （ D） understand 12 Anderson left the table, remarking that he had some work to do. （ A） doubting （ B） saying （ C） thinking （ D） knowing 13 He asserted that nuclear power was a saf
6、e and non - polluting energy source. （ A） maintained （ B） recommended （ C） considered （ D） acknowledged 14 The study also notes a steady decline in the number of college students taking science courses. （ A） relative （ B） general （ C） continuous （ D） sharp 15 She always finds fault with everything.
7、（ A） criticizes （ B） simplifies （ C） evaluated （ D） examines 二、 阅读判断 (第 16-22题，每题 1分，共 7分 ) 下面的短文后列出了 7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断：如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择 A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择 B；如果该句的信息文中没有 提及，请选择 C。 15 Relieving the Pain “Exercise may be the best treatment of chronic pain, “say from doctors at a new clinic for de
8、aling with pain. “People with chronic pain need to stop lying around, go out more and start exercising. “ The instinctive reaction to acute pain is to stop moving and to try to protect the source of pain. But it seems that this is often not productive, especially in the case of back pain. Back pain,
9、 after headaches and tiredness, has become the third most common reason for people to visit their doctors. Painful backs now account for millions of days off work. Lumber(腰部的 ) pains are partly the price humans pay for taking their forelimbs off the ground but they are made worse by a sedentary (久坐不
10、动的 ) lifestyle. Lack of exercise slowly decreases the flexibility and strength of muscles, so that it is more difficult to take pressure off the site of pain. Exercise is essential. It releases endorphins(内啡肽 ) , the body s “feel -good“ chemicals, which are natural painkillers. In fact, these are so
11、 important that researchers are now looking for drugs that can maintain a comfortable level of endorphins in the body. Most people who go to a family doctor to complain about pain are prescribed pain - killing drugs rather than exercise. Since finding the cause of backache is not so easy, doctors fr
12、equently do not know the precise cause of the discomfort, and as the pain continues, sufferers.end up taking stronger doses or a series of different drugs, “its crazy, “ says Dr. Brasseur, a therapist at the International Association for the Study of Pain. “Some of them are taking different drugs pr
13、escribed by different doctors. Ive just seen a patient who was taking two drugs which turned out to be the same thing under different names. “ A generation of new pain clinics now operates on the basis that drugs are best avoided. Once patients have undergone the initial physical and psychological c
14、heck up, their medication is cut down as much as possible. Taking patients off drugs also prepares them for physical activity. In some pain -relief clinics, patients begin the day with muscle contraction and relaxation exercises, followed by an hour on exercise bikes Later in the day, they practice
15、tai chi (太极 ) self-defense, and deep thought. This compares with an average of two and half hours physiotherapy (理疗 ) a week in a traditional hospital program. “The idea is to strengthen and to increase long - lasting energy, flexibility and confidence. “ explains Bill Wiles, a consultant pain docto
16、r in Liverpool “Patients undergoing this therapy get back to work and resume healthy active lifestyles much sooner than those subjected to more conservative treatment. “ 16 To treat pain, patients should stop moving around. （ A） Right （ B） Wrong （ C） Not mentioned 17 Headaches are partly caused by l
17、ack of excercise. （ A） Right （ B） Wrong （ C） Not mentioned 18 Exercise helps to take the pressure off the site of pain. （ A） Right （ B） Wrong （ C） Not mentioned 19 Doctors often use drugs such as endorphins to treat patients. （ A） Right （ B） Wrong （ C） Not mentioned 20 Backache sufferers often end u
18、p taking more than one drug to kill pain. （ A） Right （ B） Wrong （ C） Not mentioned 21 Excercises helps pain sufferers to recover more quickly than traditional treatment. （ A） Right （ B） Wrong （ C） Not mentioned 22 New pain clinic ask patients to give up drugs completely. （ A） Right （ B） Wrong （ C） N
19、ot mentioned 三、 概括大意与完成句子 (第 23-30题，每题 1分，共 8分 ) 下面的短文后有 2项测试任务： (1)第 23-26题要求从所给的 6个选项中为第 2-5段每段选择一个最佳标题； (2)第 27-30题要求从所给的 6个选项中为每个句子确定一个最佳选项。 22 Owls and Larks (猫头鹰与云雀 ) 1 In this article, we look at the importance of sleep for learning. Most healthy adults need eight or more hours of sleep. But
20、why do we need sleep in the first place? We need sleep for the brain to get a chance to rebuild memories stored during the day and associate these with previously learned things. If this process is interrupted by say, the sound of an a-larm clock, it may not be as effective. So if your sleep is cut
21、short by the alarm clock, how damaging is it? The truth is that its difficult to predict, as so much depends on how much sleep your body actually needs on that particular occasion. 2 The popular belief that people are naturally either larks (early risers) or owls is false. The reason why people tend
22、 to be one or the other has more to do with lifestyle, age, and personality. Many people who appear to be early birds may have just become so through habit. For example, parents with very young children. Teenagers can have difficulty falling a-sleep until late at night and then they naturally have p
23、roblems getting up the following morning. 3 The main reason why owls are owls is that they tend to spend their time over a book, movie, or computer game till the early hours of the morning. They enjoy the quiet of the night when they can pursue their passion. On the other hand, larks can make better
24、 use of early morning hours where they can study in quiet at the lime when their brains are most refreshed. So which is better for learning an owls or a larks lifestyle? The simple truth is that it is more complex than simply being one or the other. Leading a well - balanced life in terms of work an
25、d play and sleeping enough to bring maximum refreshment is probably the secret. 4 As for naps, experts on insomnia(失眠 ) argue against taking naps, as these may keep people up at night. If your nap last only five minutes to half an hour and does not affect your ability to fall asleep in the night, it
26、 will probably help you be more alert in evening hours. However, if you are having problems getting to sleep at night, its not only naps that you should avoid. Try not to drink a lot of alcohol, take nicotine(尼古丁 ), do mentally intense activities like preparing for exams or doing exercise in the eve
27、ning. Some people swear that drinking coffee never stops them from sleeping like a log, whereas others will never go near the stuff for fear of being awake all night. However, the best advice for most is to avoid it in the evening, and if you drink coffee before a nap, remember you are likely to awa
28、ken as soon as the caffeine starts kicking in. A. Which is better, being an owl or a lark? B. What should we avoid? C. What helps us fall asleep? D. What makes people owls or larks? E. Why do we need sleep? F. How much sleep do we need? 23 Paragraph 1_ 24 Paragraph 2_ 25 Paragraph 3_ 26 Paragraph 4_
29、 26 A. stay up till the early hours of the morning B. sleep enough to bring most refreshment C. rebuild memories stored during the day D. store memories in the brain E. get up quite early F. keep away from coffee in the evening 27 Sleep helps brain to_. 28 Parents with very young children tend to_.
30、29 A good lifestyle means one can_. 30 It is good advice for most people to_. 四、 阅读理解 (第 31-45题，每题 3分，共 45分 ) 下面有 3篇短文后有 5道题。请根据短文内容，为每题选 1个最佳选项。 30 Immune Functions The immune system is equal in complexity to the combined intricacies of the brain and nervous system. The success of the immune system
31、 in defending the body relies on a dynamic regulatory communication network consisting of millions and millions of cells. Organized into sets and subsets, these cells pass information back and forth like clouds of bees flying around a hive(蜂巢 ). The result is a sensitive system of checks and balance
32、s that produces an immune response that is prompt, appropriate, effective and self-limiting. At the heart of the immune system is the ability to distinguish between self and nonself. When immune defenders encounter cells or organisms carrying foreign or nonself molecules, the immune troops move quic
33、kly to eliminate the intruders(入侵者 ).Virtually every body cell carries distinctive molecules that identify it as self. The bodys immune defenses do not normally attack tissues that carry a self - marker. Rather, immune cells and other body cells coexist peaceably in a state known as self - tolerance
34、. When a normally functioning immune system attacks a nonself molecule, the system has the ability to “remember“ the specifics of the foreign body. Upon subsequent encounters with the same species of molecules, the immune system reacts accordingly. With the possible exception of antibodies(抗体 ) pass
35、ed during lactation (授乳期 ), this so called immune system memory is not inherited. Despite the occurrence of a virus in your family, your immune system must “learn“ from experience with the many millions of distinctive nonself molecules in the sen of microbes(微生物 ) in which we live. Learning entails
36、producing the appropriate molecules and cells to match up with and counteract each nonself invader. Any substance capable of triggering an immune response is called an antigen (抗原 ) . Antigens are not to be confused with allergens (过敏原 ), which are most often harmless substances that provoke the imm
37、une system to set off the inappropriate and harmful response known as allergy. An antigen can be a virus, a bacterium, or even a portion or product of one of these organisms. Tissues or cells from another individual also act as antigens, because the immune system recognizes transplanted tissues as f
38、oreign, it rejects them. The body will even reject nourishing proteins unless they are first broken down by the digestive system into their primary, nonantigenic building blocks. An antigen announces its foreignness by means of intricate and characteristic shapes called epitopes(抗原表位 ), which protru
39、de(突出 ) from its surface. Most antigens even the simplest microbes, carry several different kinds of epitopes on their surface; some may even carry several hundreds. Some epitopes will be more effective than others at stimulating an immune response. Only in abnormal situations does the immune system
40、 wrongly identify self as nonself and execute a misdirected immune attack. 31 What is used to describe the communication network consisting of cells in the immune system? _ （ A） The immune systems memory. （ B） Immune troops eliminating intruders. （ C） Bees flying around a hive. （ D） A sea of microbe
41、s. 32 The immune cells and other cells in the body coexist peaceably in a state known as （ A） self-tolerance （ B） balance （ C） harmony （ D） tolerance 33 How do the immune cells recognize an antigen as “foreign“ or “nonself“? _ （ A） Through an allergic response. （ B） Through blood type. （ C） Through
42、characteristic shapes on the antigen surface. （ D） Through fine hairs protruding from the antigen surface. 34 Which of the following statements is true? _ （ A） Allergens are usually harmful substances. （ B） Antigens can trigger an immune response. （ C） People with antigens do not suffer from obvious
43、 responses. （ D） There is no difference between an antigen and an allergen. 35 Which of the following best expresses the main idea of this passage?_ （ A） An antigen is any substance that triggers an immune response. （ B） One of the immunes systems primary functions is the allergic response. （ C） The
44、 human body is an appropriate habitat for microbes. （ D） The basic function of the immune system is to distinguish between self and nonself. 35 Cell Phones: Hang Up or Keep Talking? Millions of people are using cell phones today. In many places it is actually considered unusual not to use one. In ma
45、ny countries, cell phones are very popular with young people. They find that phones are more than a means of communication having a mobile phone shows that they are cool and connected. The explosions around the world in mobile phone use make some health professional . worried. Some doctors are conce
46、rned that in the future many people may suffer health problems from the use of mobile phones. In England, there has been a serous debate about this issue. Mobile phone companies are worried about the negative publicity of such ideas. They say that there is no proof that mobile phones are bad for you
47、r health. On the other hand, why do some medical studies show changes in the brain cells of some people who use mobile phones? Signs of change in the issues of the brain and head can be detected with modern scanning (扫描 ) equipment. In one case, a traveling salesman had to retire at a young age beca
48、use of serious memory loss. He couldnt remember even simple tasks. He would often forget the name of his own son. This man used to talk on his mobile phone for about six hours a day, every day of his working week, for a couple of years. His family doctor blamed his mobile phone use, but his employer
49、s doctor didnt agree. What is it that makes mobile phones potentially harmful? The answer is radiation. High - tech machines can detect very small amounts of radiation from mobile phones. Mobile phone companies agree that there is some radiation, but they say the amount is too small to worry about. As the discussion about their safety continues, it appears that its best to use mobile phones less often. Use your regular phone if you want to talk for a long time. Use
