1、Designation: C279 13C279 13aStandard Specification forChemical-Resistant Masonry Units1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C279; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in
2、 parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers solid, kiln fired brick and tile made from clay, shale, or mixtures thereof, suitable for indoor andoutdoor use in ma
3、sonry construction subjected to chemical environments (see Terminology C1232).1.2 The physical and chemical properties of brick and tile differ from supplier to supplier, mainly because their composition isdetermined by the source of raw materials. Regardless of the differences, covered herein are i
4、ntended for use in chemicalenvironments where resistance to thermal shock may be a consideration. The brick and tile are considered to be one of three typesand one of two classes as follows:normally used with chemical-resistant mortars.1.2.1 Type IFor use where low absorption and high acid resistanc
5、e are not major factors.1.2.2 Type IIFor use where lower absorption and higher acid resistance are required.1.2.3 Type IIIFor use where minimum absorption and maximum acid resistance are required.NOTE 1Types I, II, and III may not differ significantly in thermal shock resistance. The suitability of
6、a given brick, for a particular application shouldbe determined at the time of purchase by agreement between the purchaser and the supplier.NOTE 2Types I and III were formerly designated Type “H and “L respectively.1.2.4 Class SFor use in standard applications.1.2.5 Class XFor use where a higher deg
7、ree of precision and lower permissible variation in size than that permitted for ClassS is required.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not con
8、sidered standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.
9、2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C20 Test Methods for Apparent Porosity, Water Absorption, Apparent Specific Gravity, and Bulk Density of Burned RefractoryBrick and Shapes by Boiling WaterC67 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Brick and Structural Clay TileC1232 Terminology of MasonryE1
10、1 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test Sieves3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions relating to chemical-resistant masonry units, refer to Terminology C1232.4. Classification4.1 The physical and chemical properties of brick and tile differ from supplier to supplier, mainly be
11、cause their composition isdetermined by the source of raw materials. Regardless of the differences, brick and tile are considered to be one of three types andone of two classes as follows:1 This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C15 on Manufactured Masonry Units and is the di
12、rect responsibility of Subcommittee C15.02 on Brickand Structural Clay Tile.Current edition approved June 1, 2013Dec. 15, 2013. Published June 2013January 2014. Originally approved in 1951. Last previous edition approved in 20122013 asC279 12.C279 13. DOI: 10.1520/C0279-13.10.1520/C0279-13A.2 For re
13、ferencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide
14、 the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the sta
15、ndard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States14.1.1 Type IFor use where low absorption and high ac
16、id resistance are not major factors.4.1.2 Type IIFor use where lower absorption and higher acid resistance are required.4.1.3 Type IIIFor use where minimum absorption and maximum acid resistance are required.NOTE 1Types I, II, and III may not differ significantly in thermal shock resistance. The sui
17、tability of a given brick, for a particular application shouldbe determined at the time of purchase by agreement between the purchaser and the supplier.NOTE 2Types I and III were formerly designated Type “H” and “L” respectively.4.1.4 Class SFor use in standard applications.4.1.5 Class XFor use wher
18、e a higher degree of precision and lower permissible variation in size than that permitted for ClassS is required.5. Physical Properties5.1 StrengthThe brick and tile when tested in accordance with Test Methods C67 shall conform to the requirements formodulus of rupture (flexural strength) for the t
19、ype specified, as prescribed in Table 1.5.2 Water AbsorptionThe brick and tile when tested in accordance with Test Methods C20 shall conform to the requirementsfor water absorption (based on the 2 h boil) for the type specified, as prescribed in Table 1.4.3 SizesThe sizes of the brick and tile shall
20、 be as specified by the purchaser. The length, width, and depth measurements ofthe brick or tile shall be within 63 % of the specified dimensions for Class S units and within 61.5 % of the specified dimensionsfor Class X units when tested in accordance with Test Methods C67.4.4 WarpageThe brick and
21、tile when tested in accordance with Test Methods C67 shall conform to the requirements as shownin Table 2.4.5 Surface TexturesBrick or tile surfaces should be textured in order to promote better bonding. Texturing may beaccomplished by scoring, wire cutting, matting, or other means consistent with a
22、 manufacturers process. If texturing is done, theprotrusion or indentation shall not exceed 18 in. (3 mm) in depth.6. Dimensions and Permissible Variations6.1 SizesThe sizes of the brick and tile shall be as specified by the purchaser. The length, width, and depth measurements ofthe brick or tile sh
23、all be within 63 % of the specified dimensions for Class S units and within 61.5 % of the specified dimensionsfor Class X units.6.2 WarpageThe brick and tile shall conform to the requirements as shown in Table 2.7. Finish and Appearance7.1 Surface TexturesBrick or tile surfaces are often textured in
24、 order to promote better bonding. Texturing is accomplishedby scoring, wire cutting, matting, or other means consistent with a manufacturers process. If texturing is done, the protrusion orindentation shall not exceed 18 in. (3 mm) in depth.7.2 The brick and tile shall be free of open surface lamina
25、tions or cracks which would impair the performance of theconstruction.NOTE 3Open laminations or cracks within the brick or tile observed in the brick or tile cut or broken during testing, should be noted with their sizeand number indicated as part of the test report. If internal open laminations or
26、cracks, or both, are reported, the purchaser shall determine the suitabilityof such brick or tile for his application.7.3 Black HeartBrick or tile when broken may have a dark area that has a steely appearance and is sharply delineated fromthe surrounding normal color of the brick. It is known as bla
27、ck heart or black core. Black heart is generally the result of thereduction of iron minerals during the firing process. Its presence, regardless of size, in brick or tile which otherwise meet thephysical and chemical requirements of this specification, shall not be cause for rejection.TABLE 1 Physic
28、al and Chemical Requirements for Brick and TileDesignationModulus of Rupture(Brick or Tile Flat-wise) min. psi (MPa)Water AbsorptionMaximum % by2 h Boiling TestH2SO4 SolubilityMaximum %Weight LossAverage of 5Brick or TileLow IndividualAverage of 5Brick or TileHigh IndividualAverage of 5Brick or Tile
29、Type I 1250 (8.6) 1000 (6.9) 6.0 7.0 20Type II 1250 (8.6) 1000 (6.9) 4.0 5.0 12Type III 1250 (8.6) 1000 (6.9) 1.0 1.5 8C279 13a25. Significance and Use5.1 The brick and tile covered herein are intended essentially for use in chemical environments where resistance to thermalshock may or may not be a
30、consideration. The brick and tile are normally used with chemical-resistant mortars.6. Precision and Bias6.1 A statement on precision and bias will be added at a later date.7. Visual Inspection7.1 The brick and tile shall be free of open surface laminations or cracks which would impair the performan
31、ce of theconstruction.NOTE 3Open laminations or cracks within the brick or tile observed in the brick or tile cut or broken during testing, should be noted with their sizeand number indicated as part of the test report. If internal open laminations or cracks, or both, are reported, the purchaser sha
32、ll determine the suitabilityof such brick or tile for his application.7.2 Black HeartBrick or tile when broken may have a dark area that has a steely appearance and is sharply delineated fromthe surrounding normal color of the brick. It is known as black heart or black core. Black heart is generally
33、 the result of thereduction of iron minerals during the firing process. Its presence, regardless of size, in brick or tile which otherwise meet thephysical and chemical requirements of this specification, shall not be cause for rejection.8. Sulfuric Acid Solubility Test8.1 Apparatus:8.1.1 Crusher, j
34、aw-type.8.1.2 Sieves, 14-in. (6.3-mm) and No. 4 (4.75-mm) sieves (equivalent to 3-mesh and 4-mesh sieves, respectively, in the Tylerseries), conforming to Specification E11.8.1.3 Mechanical Shaking Device, producing a lateral and vertical motion of the sieve, accompanied by a jarring action so asto
35、keep the sample moving continuously over the surface of the sieve.8.1.4 Drying Oven.8.1.5 Analytical Balance and Weights, 0.01-g sensitivity.8.1.6 Desiccator.8.1.7 Erlenmeyer Flask, 750-mL, of heat-resistant and chemically resistant glass.8.1.8 Water-Cooled Condenser.8.1.9 Hot Plate.8.1.10 Fritted-G
36、lass Funnel, fine porosity.8.1.11 Suction Pump.8.2 Preparation of SamplePrepare the sample from at least five masonry units selected in accordance with Test Methods C67.Remove and discard the skin surface from a quarter of each unit selected and crush the remaining pieces in a jaw-type crusher,with
37、the jaws set so that the grain size of the product ranges from material retained on a 14-in. (6.3-mm) sieve to material passinga No. 4 (4.75-mm) sieve. Reduce this material either by mixing and quartering or by a mechanical splitter to approximately a1000-g sample, and screen in a mechanical shaking
38、 device for 15 min, using the No. 3 (6.75-mm) and No. 4 (4.75-mm) sieves.Thoroughly mix the portion of the material passing the No. 3 (6.75-mm) sieve and remaining on the No. 4 (4.75-mm) sieve (Note4), and then quarter down to obtain two 50-g samples. Dry these samples in a drying oven at 240F (120C
39、) for at least 16 h, andthen cool in a desiccator.NOTE 4Although it is recognized that some types of material tend to break down in a manner yielding various-shaped particles, no attempt shall bemade at hand selection.8.3 ProcedureTransfer each of the 50-g samples, weighed to the nearest 0.01 g, and
40、 250 mL of sulfuric acid (sp gr 1.706, or78 weight % 60 Baum) to 750-mL Erlenmeyer flasks. Insert water-cooled condensers and boil on hot plates for 48 h (Note 5).Cool the flasks and contents sufficiently to permit handling, and decant the solutions through fritted-glass funnels with the aid ofsucti
41、on, retaining the samples in the flasks. Add about 250 mL of water to the flasks, boil for 10 min, and decant with the aid ofsuction through the same funnels as used previously. Repeat this washing procedure three times. On the fourth decantation of washTABLE 2 Tolerances on WarpageMinimum Face Dime
42、nsions,inches (mm)Maximum Permissible Warpage, inches(mm)Class S Class X8 (203) and under 332 (2.4) 364 (1.2)over 8 to 12 (203 to 305), incl 18 (3.2) 116 (1.6)over 12 to 16 (305 to 406), incl 532 (4.0) 564 (2.0)C279 13a3water, transfer the samples to the funnels, using hot water to aid in the transf
43、er. Dry the funnels and contents in an oven at 240F(120C) for at least 16 h, and cool in a desiccator. Remove material from the funnels, brushing out the fines if necessary, and weighto the nearest 0.01 g.NOTE 5Regulate the temperature of the hot plate so as to maintain a gentle boiling solution avo
44、iding any considerable agitation of the sample. Theuse of a variable transformer in series with the hot plate is suggested.8.4 Calculation and ReportCalculate the loss in weight as a percentage of the original weight. Make duplicate determinationsand report an average of the two results to the neare
45、st 0.1 %.9. Precision and Bias9.1 A statement on precision and bias will be added at a later date.10. Sampling and Testing10.1 The brick shall be sampled and tested in accordance with applicable sections in Test Methods C67 and Section 8.10.2 The manufacturer or the seller shall furnish specimens fo
46、r test. The place or places of selection shall be designated whenthe purchase order is placed.11. Keywords11.1 absorption; acid resistance; acid solubility; ceramic; chemical-resistant; masonry; physical properties; solid brickSUMMARY OF CHANGESCommittee C15 has identified the location of selected c
47、hanges to this standard since the last issue (C279 13)that may impact the use of this standard. (December 15, 2013)(1) Select sections within the standard were reorganized using the Form and Style for ASTM Standards manual as a guideline.SUMMARY OF CHANGESCommittee C15 has identified the location of
48、 selected changes to this standard since the last issue (C279 12)that may impact the use of this standard. (June 1, 2013)(1) A new Section 3. Terminology was added and subsequent sections renumbered.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connect
49、ion with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn.Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed t
