1、Designation: C279 13Standard Specification forChemical-Resistant Masonry Units1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C279; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parenth
2、eses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers solid, kiln fired brick and tilemade from clay, shale, or mixtures thereof, suitable for indoorand outdoor use in masonry con
3、struction subjected to chemicalenvironments (see Terminology C1232).1.2 The physical and chemical properties of brick and tilediffer from supplier to supplier, mainly because their compo-sition is determined by the source of raw materials. Regardlessof the differences, brick and tile are considered
4、to be one ofthree types and one of two classes as follows:1.2.1 Type IFor use where low absorption and high acidresistance are not major factors.1.2.2 Type IIFor use where lower absorption and higheracid resistance are required.1.2.3 Type IIIFor use where minimum absorption andmaximum acid resistanc
5、e are required.NOTE 1Types I, II, and III may not differ significantly in thermalshock resistance. The suitability of a given brick, for a particularapplication should be determined at the time of purchase by agreementbetween the purchaser and the supplier.NOTE 2Types I and III were formerly designa
6、ted Type “H and “Lrespectively.1.2.4 Class SFor use in standard applications.1.2.5 Class XFor use where a higher degree of precisionand lower permissible variation in size than that permitted forClass S is required.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values g
7、iven in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establis
8、h appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C20 Test Methods for Apparent Porosity, Water Absorption,Apparent Specific Gravity, and Bulk Density of BurnedRefractory Brick and Shapes by B
9、oiling WaterC67 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Brick andStructural Clay TileC1232 Terminology of MasonryE11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and TestSieves3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions relating to chemical-resistant masonry units, refer to Terminology C1232.4. Phys
10、ical Properties4.1 StrengthThe brick and tile when tested in accordancewith Test Methods C67 shall conform to the requirements formodulus of rupture (flexural strength) for the type specified, asprescribed in Table 1.4.2 Water AbsorptionThe brick and tile when tested inaccordance with Test Methods C
11、20 shall conform to therequirements for water absorption (based on the 2 h boil) forthe type specified, as prescribed in Table 1.4.3 SizesThe sizes of the brick and tile shall be asspecified by the purchaser. The length, width, and depthmeasurements of the brick or tile shall be within 63 % of thesp
12、ecified dimensions for Class S units and within 61.5 % ofthe specified dimensions for Class X units when tested inaccordance with Test Methods C67.4.4 WarpageThe brick and tile when tested in accordancewith Test Methods C67 shall conform to the requirements asshown in Table 2.4.5 Surface TexturesBri
13、ck or tile surfaces should be tex-tured in order to promote better bonding. Texturing may beaccomplished by scoring, wire cutting, matting, or other means1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C15 onManufactured Masonry Units and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeC
14、15.02 on Brick and Structural Clay Tile.Current edition approved June 1, 2013. Published June 2013. Originallyapproved in 1951. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as C279 12. DOI:10.1520/C0279-13.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Servic
15、e at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-29
16、59. United States1consistent with a manufacturers process. If texturing is done,the protrusion or indentation shall not exceed18 in. (3 mm) indepth.5. Significance and Use5.1 The brick and tile covered herein are intended essen-tially for use in chemical environments where resistance tothermal shock
17、 may or may not be a consideration. The brickand tile are normally used with chemical-resistant mortars.6. Precision and Bias6.1 Astatement on precision and bias will be added at a laterdate.7. Visual Inspection7.1 The brick and tile shall be free of open surface lamina-tions or cracks which would i
18、mpair the performance of theconstruction.NOTE 3Open laminations or cracks within the brick or tile observedin the brick or tile cut or broken during testing, should be noted with theirsize and number indicated as part of the test report. If internal openlaminations or cracks, or both, are reported,
19、the purchaser shall determinethe suitability of such brick or tile for his application.7.2 Black HeartBrick or tile when broken may have adark area that has a steely appearance and is sharply delineatedfrom the surrounding normal color of the brick. It is known asblack heart or black core. Black hea
20、rt is generally the result ofthe reduction of iron minerals during the firing process. Itspresence, regardless of size, in brick or tile which otherwisemeet the physical and chemical requirements of thisspecification, shall not be cause for rejection.8. Sulfuric Acid Solubility Test8.1 Apparatus:8.1
21、.1 Crusher, jaw-type.8.1.2 Sieves,14-in. (6.3-mm) and No. 4 (4.75-mm) sieves(equivalent to 3-mesh and 4-mesh sieves, respectively, in theTyler series), conforming to Specification E11.8.1.3 Mechanical Shaking Device, producing a lateral andvertical motion of the sieve, accompanied by a jarring actio
22、n soas to keep the sample moving continuously over the surface ofthe sieve.8.1.4 Drying Oven.8.1.5 Analytical Balance and Weights, 0.01-g sensitivity.8.1.6 Desiccator.8.1.7 Erlenmeyer Flask, 750-mL, of heat-resistant andchemically resistant glass.8.1.8 Water-Cooled Condenser.8.1.9 Hot Plate.8.1.10 F
23、ritted-Glass Funnel, fine porosity.8.1.11 Suction Pump.8.2 Preparation of SamplePrepare the sample from atleast five masonry units selected in accordance with TestMethods C67. Remove and discard the skin surface from aquarter of each unit selected and crush the remaining pieces ina jaw-type crusher,
24、 with the jaws set so that the grain size of theproduct ranges from material retained on a14-in. (6.3-mm)sieve to material passing a No. 4 (4.75-mm) sieve. Reduce thismaterial either by mixing and quartering or by a mechanicalsplitter to approximately a 1000-g sample, and screen in amechanical shaki
25、ng device for 15 min, using the No. 3(6.75-mm) and No. 4 (4.75-mm) sieves. Thoroughly mix theportion of the material passing the No. 3 (6.75-mm) sieve andremaining on the No. 4 (4.75-mm) sieve (Note 4), and thenquarter down to obtain two 50-g samples. Dry these samples ina drying oven at 240F (120C)
26、 for at least 16 h, and then coolin a desiccator.NOTE 4Although it is recognized that some types of material tend tobreak down in a manner yielding various-shaped particles, no attemptshall be made at hand selection.8.3 ProcedureTransfer each of the 50-g samples, weighedto the nearest 0.01 g, and 25
27、0 mL of sulfuric acid (sp gr 1.706,or 78 weight % 60 Baum) to 750-mL Erlenmeyer flasks.Insert water-cooled condensers and boil on hot plates for 48 h(Note 5). Cool the flasks and contents sufficiently to permithandling, and decant the solutions through fritted-glass funnelswith the aid of suction, r
28、etaining the samples in the flasks. Addabout 250 mL of water to the flasks, boil for 10 min, and decantwith the aid of suction through the same funnels as usedpreviously. Repeat this washing procedure three times. On thefourth decantation of wash water, transfer the samples to thefunnels, using hot
29、water to aid in the transfer. Dry the funnelsand contents in an oven at 240F (120C) for at least 16 h, andcool in a desiccator. Remove material from the funnels,brushing out the fines if necessary, and weigh to the nearest0.01 g.NOTE 5Regulate the temperature of the hot plate so as to maintain agent
30、le boiling solution avoiding any considerable agitation of the sample.The use of a variable transformer in series with the hot plate is suggested.8.4 Calculation and ReportCalculate the loss in weight asa percentage of the original weight. Make duplicate determi-nations and report an average of the
31、two results to the nearest0.1 %.TABLE 1 Physical and Chemical Requirements for Brick and TileDesignationModulus of Rupture(Brick or Tile Flat-wise) min. psi (MPa)Water AbsorptionMaximum % by2 h Boiling TestH2SO4SolubilityMaximum %Weight LossAverage of 5Brick or TileLow IndividualAverage of 5Brick or
32、 TileHigh IndividualAverage of 5Brick or TileType I 1250 (8.6) 1000 (6.9) 6.0 7.0 20Type II 1250 (8.6) 1000 (6.9) 4.0 5.0 12Type III 1250 (8.6) 1000 (6.9) 1.0 1.5 8TABLE 2 Tolerances on WarpageMinimum Face Dimensions,inches (mm)Maximum Permissible Warpage, inches(mm)Class S Class X8 (203) and under3
33、32 (2.4)364 (1.2)over 8 to 12 (203 to 305), incl18 (3.2)116 (1.6)over 12 to 16 (305 to 406), incl532 (4.0)564 (2.0)C279 1329. Keywords9.1 absorption; acid resistance; acid solubility; ceramic;chemical-resistant; masonry; physical properties; solid brickSUMMARY OF CHANGESCommittee C15 has identified
34、the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue (C279 12)that may impact the use of this standard. (June 1, 2013)(1) A new Section 3. Terminology was added and subsequentsections renumbered.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asser
35、ted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by
36、the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receiv
37、e careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM Intern
38、ational, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).C279 133
