1、Designation: C 179 09Standard Test Method forDrying and Firing Linear Change of Refractory Plastic andRamming Mix Specimens1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 179; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision,
2、the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of the dryingshrinkage and of the combined drying and linear cha
3、nge oframming and plastic refractories.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address
4、all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C113 Test Method f
5、or Reheat Change of Refractory BrickC 134 Test Methods for Size, Dimensional Measurements,and Bulk Density of Refractory Brick and InsulatingFirebrickC 181 Test Method for Workability Index of Fireclay andHigh-Alumina Plastic RefractoriesC 1054 Practice for Pressing and Drying Refractory Plasticand
6、Ramming Mix Specimens3. Significance and Use3.1 This test method is useful in quantitatively rating orranking both ramming and plastic refractories by their linearstability after heating.3.2 This test method is also useful for determining whethera ramming or plastic refractory can be used in a speci
7、fiedapplication based on linear change criteria.3.3 This test method excludes basic and carbon bearingmaterials.3.4 This test method can produce data for the engineeringand design of refractory installations. The linear change datacan be used to determine the number of joints necessary tomaintain in
8、tegrity of ramming or plastic refractory in a largeinstallation.4. Apparatus4.1 Kiln, electric or gas type, of such design that the flame,as coming directly from the burner, cannot impinge upon thetest specimens.4.2 Measuring Device, capable of being read to 0.02-in.(0.5-mm).Ahooked rule, 12 in. (30
9、5 mm), is convenient to useand a suitable type is described in Test Methods C 134. Othermeasuring devices, such as calipers or dial gages, of the sameor better precision may also be used.5. Test Specimens5.1 Number of SpecimensA minimum of six specimensmolded from the sample (see Note 1) of plastic
10、refractory willbe required. Half of the specimens shall be used for the test andthe other half used as supporting pieces during the kiln heattreatment.NOTE 1For pressing and drying the specimens see Practice C 1054.5.2 Measurement of SpecimensUsing the measuring de-vice, measure the bar for all dime
11、nsions to the nearest 0.02-in.(0.5-mm). Label and make reference marks to indicate theexact length measurement points. Caution should be taken asdeformation of the specimens may be caused by handling.5.3 Drying of SpecimensDry specimens should be driedas stated in Practice C 1054, 6.6.5.4 Measuring
12、Dried SpecimensMeasure specimens asstated in 5.2.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C08 onRefractories and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C08.09 on Monolith-ics.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2009. Published October 2009. Originallyapproved in 1943. Last p
13、revious edition approved in 2004 as C 179 04.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM
14、International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.6. Procedure6.1 Placing Specimens in KilnPlace the dried specimensin the kiln in accordance with Test Method C113, with theexception that the supporting brick shall consist of the threeplastic refracto
15、ry brick prepared for that purpose.6.2 Temperature MeasurementsConduct temperaturemeasurements in accordance with Test Method C113.6.3 Test AtmosphereAt all temperatures above 1470F(800C), operate the kiln so that the atmosphere shall containa minimum of 0.5 % oxygen with 0 % combustibles.6.4 Test T
16、emperature ScheduleOperate the kiln so as toconform to the appropriate heating schedule for the class ofrefractory being tested, as specified in Table 1 of Test MethodC113.6.5 Measuring Fired SpecimensAfter completion of theheating schedule, cool the specimens in the closed kiln to under800F (425C)
17、before removing to the air. After cooling toroom temperature, remeasure them in accordance with 5.2.Record the fired length of each of the three test specimens.7. Calculation and Report7.1 Drying Linear ChangeCalculate the drying linearchange as a percentage based on the original length of thespecim
18、en as measured in 5.2. Calculate using Eq 1:DLC 5 LD LO!/LO! 3 100 (1)where:DLC = Drying Linear Change, %LD= dried length, in. (mm)LO= original length, in. (mm)A negative value indicates shrinkage and a positive value,growth or expansion of the specimen. Report the average valuefor the three specime
19、ns to the nearest 0.1 %.7.2 Combined Linear Change Due to Drying and FiringCalculate the combined drying and firing linear change as apercentage based on the original length of the specimen asmeasured in 5.2. Calculate using Eq 2:FLC 5 LF LO!/LO! 3 100 (2)where:FLC = Combined Drying and Firing Linea
20、r Change, %LF= fired length, in. (mm)LO= original length, in. (mm)A negative value indicates shrinkage and a positive value,growth or expansion of the specimen. Report the average valuefor the three specimens to the nearest 0.1 %.7.3 The report shall include the following:7.3.1 Workability of the pl
21、astic determined in accordancewith Test Method C 181.7.3.2 Firing temperature used or heating schedule fromTable 1 of Test Method C113.8. Precision and Bias8.1 Precision and bias statements for linear change due todrying and firing are being developed.9. Keywords9.1 linear change; plastic; ramming m
22、ix; refractory;shrinkageASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringe
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25、nown to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).C179092
