1、Designation: C1728 13Standard Specification forFlexible Aerogel Insulation1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1728; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parenthese
2、s indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers the classification and perfor-mance of flexible aerogel thermal insulation. This will coverthe range of continuous exposure opera
3、ting temperatures from-321F (-196C) up to 1200 F (649C).1.2 For satisfactory performance, properly installed protec-tive vapor retarders or barriers shall be used on below ambienttemperature applications to reduce movement of moisturethrough or around the insulation to the colder surface. Failureto
4、use a vapor retarder or barrier could lead to insulation andsystem non-performance.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.
5、4 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to thetest methods described in this specification. This standard doesnot purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any,associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of thisstandard to establish appropriate safety and health
6、 practicesand determine the applicability of regulatory limitations priorto use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C165 Test Method for Measuring Compressive Properties ofThermal InsulationsC167 Test Methods for Thickness and Density of Blanket orBatt Thermal InsulationsC168 Terminology Rela
7、ting to Thermal InsulationC177 Test Method for Steady-State Heat Flux Measure-ments and Thermal Transmission Properties by Means ofthe Guarded-Hot-Plate ApparatusC303 Test Method for Dimensions and Density of Pre-formed Block and BoardType Thermal InsulationC335 Test Method for Steady-State Heat Tra
8、nsfer Propertiesof Pipe InsulationC356 Test Method for Linear Shrinkage of Preformed High-Temperature Thermal Insulation Subjected to SoakingHeatC390 Practice for Sampling and Acceptance of ThermalInsulation LotsC411 Test Method for Hot-Surface Performance of High-Temperature Thermal InsulationC447
9、Practice for Estimating the Maximum Use Tempera-ture of Thermal InsulationsC518 Test Method for Steady-State Thermal TransmissionProperties by Means of the Heat Flow Meter ApparatusC795 Specification for Thermal Insulation for Use in Con-tact with Austenitic Stainless SteelC1045 Practice for Calcula
10、ting Thermal Transmission Prop-erties Under Steady-State ConditionsC1058 Practice for Selecting Temperatures for Evaluatingand Reporting Thermal Properties of Thermal InsulationC1101/C1101M Test Methods for Classifying the Flexibilityor Rigidity of Mineral Fiber Blanket and Board InsulationC1104/C11
11、04M Test Method for Determining the WaterVapor Sorption of Unfaced Mineral Fiber InsulationC1114 Test Method for Steady-State Thermal TransmissionProperties by Means of the Thin-Heater ApparatusC1338 Test Method for Determining Fungi Resistance ofInsulation Materials and FacingsC1511 Test Method for
12、 Determining the Water Retention(Repellency) Characteristics of Fibrous Glass Insulation(Aircraft Type)C1617 Practice for Quantitative Accelerated LaboratoryEvaluation of Extraction Solutions Containing IonsLeached from Thermal Insulation on Aqueous Corrosionof MetalsE84 Test Method for Surface Burn
13、ing Characteristics ofBuilding Materials1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C16 onThermal Insulation and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C16.23 onBlanket and Loose Fill Insulation.Current edition approved May 1, 2013. Published May 2013. Originallyapproved in
14、 2012. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as C172812. DOI:10.1520/C1728-13.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page o
15、nthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1E2231 Practice for Specimen Preparation and Mounting ofPipe and Duct Insulation Materials to Assess SurfaceBurning Characteristics2.2 Other Standards:3CAN/ULC-S102 Stan
16、dard Method of Test for Surface Burn-ing Characteristics of Building Materials and Assemblies3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:For definitions used in this specification, seeTerminology A3.3.2 flexible aerogel insulation, na flexible insulation con-taining a composite of aerogel, fibrous carrying media,
17、 orreinforcements, or a combination thereof.3.2.1 DiscussionOpacifiers are sometimes added as eitherfibers or powders.4. Classification4.1 Flexible12 aerogel insulation shall be classified intothree Types based on the maximum use temperature:4.1.1 Type I 257F (125C)4.1.2 Type II 390F (200C)4.1.3 Typ
18、e III 1200 F (649C)4.2 Types I and II are subdivided as Grade 1 (tested in flatconfiguration) and Categories A or B by thermal conductivity.4.3 Type III is subdivided into two Grades 1 and 2 wherebyGrade 1 is tested in a flat configuration using Test MethodC177 and Grade 2 is tested only in a pipe c
19、onfiguration usingTest Method C335.5. Ordering Information5.1 The Type, Grade, Category, dimensions, and thicknessshall be specified by the purchaser. A product certification (ifrequired) shall be specified in the purchase order.6. Materials and Manufacture6.1 CompositionFlexible aerogel insulation
20、is a compositeof an amorphous silica-based aerogel, a fibrous carrying media,or reinforcements, or a combination thereof, that allow theconstruct to be flexible.6.1.1 A fibrous carrying media or reinforcement, or both,consists of the following: fibers, batts, strips, sheets, or somecombination there
21、of.6.1.1.1 This fibrous carrying media or reinforcementmaterial, or both, is either organic, such as polyester, orinorganic, such as glass fibers. Additionally, some flexibleaerogel insulation contains additives such as a water resistanttreatment or opacifiers, or both.7. Physical, Mechanical and Ch
22、emical PropertyRequirementsNOTE 1Performance requirements for flexible aerogel insulation(Type I Grade 1 Category A, Type I Grade 1 Category B, Type II Grade1 CategoryA, Type II Grade 1 Category B, and Type III Grade 1 CategoryA and Type III Grade 2 Category A) are given in Table 1.7.1 Maximum Use T
23、emperatureWhen tested in accor-dance with Test Method C411 in a flat configuration and the hotsurface performance of Practice C447 in a flat configuration atthe insulations maximum use temperature at a thickness of 80mm or manufacturers maximum recommended thickness, theflexible aerogel insulation s
24、hall not warp, flame, or glow duringhot surface exposure. No evidence of melting or fiber degra-dation shall be evident upon post-test inspection.7.2 Thickness and DensityThe thickness and density shallbe determined and reported in accordance with Test MethodsC167 or C303.7.3 Apparent Thermal Conduc
25、tivity:7.3.1 Determine the thermal conductivity as a function oftemperature for the representative specimens with data ob-tained from a series of thermal tests utilizing Test MethodsC177, C518, C1114,orC335 as appropriate for the materialunder study. Specimen shall be tested unfaced and, for Type II
26、I,Grade 2 (pipe configuration per Test Method C335), test at aminimum of 4 layers. Each layer shall have a minimumthickness of 0.2 in (5 mm). The test report shall state thebarometric pressure at the time of the tests. See Note 2 below.7.3.2 As specified in Practice C1045, the range of testcondition
27、s must include at least one test where the hot surfacetemperature is greater than, or equal to, the hot limit of thetemperature range of desired data and at least one test wherethe cold temperature is less than, or equal to, the cold limit ofthe temperature range desired. At least two additional tes
28、tsshall be performed and distributed evenly over the rest of thetemperature range.7.3.3 Final analysis of the thermal data shall be conducted inaccordance with Practice C1045 to generate a thermal conduc-tivity versus temperature relationship for the specimen.7.3.4 The final step of Practice C1045 a
29、nalysis is to calcu-late the thermal conductivity using the equations generated ata set of mean temperatures for comparison to the specification.7.3.5 Practice C1058 shall be used to obtain recommendedtest temperature combinations for testing purposes.7.4 FlexibilityWhen tested at the installed thic
30、kness inaccordance with the Test Methods C1101/C1101M, the sheetmust qualify as flexible.7.5 Corrosiveness to SteelWhen tested in accordance withPractice C1617, the mass loss corrosion rate of the unfacedinsulation extract shall not exceed that of the 5-ppm chloridesolution. Test the composite insul
31、ation material (with facingand adhesive) when a facing is factory adhered by themanufacturer or the fabricator.7.6 Water Vapor SorptionWhen tested in accordance theTest Method C1104/C1104M, the water vapor sorption of theflexible insulation shall be not more than5%byweight.7.7 Fungi ResistanceWhen t
32、ested in accordance in accor-dance with the fungi resistance Test Method C1338, the testspecimens shall have no growth.7.8 Surface Burning CharacteristicsTest in accordancewith Test Method E84 using the specimen preparation andmounting techniques of Practice E2231. For Canada, test inaccordance with
33、 Test Method CAN/ULC-S102.3Available from Underwriters Laboratories (UL), 2600 N.W. Lake Rd., Camas,WA 98607-8542, http:/.C1728 132NOTE 2The thermal transmission properties of flexible aerogelinsulation, both flat and in a pipe configuration, may vary withtemperature, temperature gradient, moisture
34、content, thickness, and shape.Note that the apparent thermal conductivity requirements in Table 1 arebased on samples tested under the conditions specified in the testprocedure given in 7.3.1 above. These are comparative values forestablishing specification compliances. In some cases they do not rep
35、re-sent the installed performance of the insulation under use conditions sincethose may differ substantially from the test conditions.7.9 Maximum Exothermic Temperature RiseFor Type IIImaterial only (that is, those used at service temperaturesgreater than 390F (199C), when tested in accordance withT
36、est Method C411 and Practice C447 at the maximum thick-ness specified by the manufacturer, no internal temperature atany time shall exceed the hot surface temperature by more than200F (93C) with thermocouples installed between eachmaterial layer. This criterion applies during heat-up, as well as,ste
37、ady state conditions.7.10 Water retentionFor Types I and II materials, test inaccordance with Test Method C1511. The water retention aftersubmersion shall be less than the value given in Table 1. ForType III materials, test in accordance with Test Method C1511,after preheating the sample for 24 hour
38、s at 600 F. The waterretention after submersion shall be less than 5% by weight.TABLE 1 Performance Requirements for Types I, II, and III Flexible Aerogel InsulationType I I II II III IIIGrade 111112Ctgoy ABABAAMaximum use temperature,F (C)257(125)257(125)390(199)390(199)1200(649)1200(649)Minimum us
39、e temperature,F (C)-321(-196)-321(-196)-321(-196)-321(-196)75(24)75(24)Minimum / Maximum Composite Density,lbs/ft3(kg/m3)1.9to6.3(30 to 100)5.0to11.2(80 to 180)4.7to9.4(75 to 150)5.0to11.2(80 to 180)10.0 to 15.0(160 to 240)10.0 to 15.0(160 to 240)Apparent thermal conductivity,max, Btucin/hcft2cF (W/
40、mcK) Mean Temperature, F (C)-200 (-129) 0.098(0.014)0.096(0.014)0.073(0.011)0.093(0.013)N/A N/A-100 (-73.3) 0.12(0.017)0.10(0.015)0.091(0.013)0.10(0.015)N/A N/A0 (-17.8) 0.14(0.021)0.11(0.016)0.11(0.016)0.11(0.016)N/A N/A75 (23.9) 0.17(0.024)0.12(0.017)0.13(0.019)0.12(0.017)0.14(0.021)0.16(0.023)100
41、 (37.8) 0.17(0.025)0.12(0.017)0.14(0.020)0.12(0.018)0.15(0.022)0.17(0.024)200 (93.3) 0.21(0.030)0.13(0.019)0.18(0.025)0.14(0.021)0.16(0.023)0.18(0.024)300 (149) NA NA 0.22(0.032)0.19(0.027)0.18(0.025)0.21(0.028)400 (204) NA NA NA NA 0.20(0.029)0.24(0.033)500 (260) NA NA NA NA 0.22(0.032)0.28(0.035)6
42、00 (316) NA NA NA NA 0.25(0.036)0.33(0.040)700 (371) NA NA NA NA 0.30(0.043)0.39(0.048)Compressive resistance, min, 10% deformation, psi (kPa) 0.75(5.2)5(34.5)5(34.5)5(34.5)3(20.7)3(20.7)Surface burning characteristics: Flame spread index, max Smokedeveloped, maxNot Rated 2550Not Rated Not Rated 510
43、510Exothermic temperature rise, maximum, with no facings or jacketingof any type, run at maximum recommended thicknessNA NA NA NA 200 F(93.3 C)200 F(93.3 C)Water retention, maximum % by weight 150% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5%C1728 1337.11 Stress Corrosion Performance for Use on AusteniticStainless SteelComplianc
44、e with Specification C795 is nec-essary only when requested to assess corrosivity when theinsulation is applied to austenitic stainless steel surfaces.7.12 Compressive ResistanceTest in accordance with TestMethod C165 with preloading.7.13 Linear Shrinkage after exposure to maximum usetemperatureWhen
45、 tested in accordance with Test MethodC356, linear shrinkage shall be less than 2% in length andwidth directions.7.14 Sag ResistanceTest material in a pipe configurationin accordance with Test Method C411. The percent thicknesschange shall be less than or equal to 5%.8. Qualification Requirements8.1
46、 Qualification RequirementsThe following require-ments shall be employed for the purpose of initial productqualification:8.1.1 Maximum use temperature,8.1.2 Linear shrinkage after exposure to maximum usetemperature,8.1.3 Compressive resistance, at 10% deformation,8.1.4 Apparent thermal conductivity,
47、8.1.5 Density, for design purposes only,8.1.6 Flexibility,8.1.7 Corrosiveness to steel,8.1.8 Water vapor sorption,8.1.9 Fungi resistance,8.1.10 Surface burning characteristics,8.1.11 Maximum exothermic temperature rise8.1.12 Water retention after submersion,8.1.13 Compliance with Specification C795
48、is necessarywhen requested to assess corrosivity only when the insulationis applied to austenitic stainless steel pipe, and8.1.14 Sag resistance.9. Dimensions and Permissible Variations9.1 The sizes and tolerances of flexible aerogel insulationshall either be agreed upon between the purchaser and th
49、esupplier or as given in Table 2 below.10. Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance10.1 The insulation shall have good workmanship and shallnot have defects, which adversely affect its installation andservice qualities.11. Sampling11.1 Sampling of the insulation shall be in accordance withcriteria in Practice C390. Specific provisions for sampling shallbe agreed upon between the purchaser and the supplier.12. Inspection12.1 The following requirements are employed for purposesof acceptance sampling of lots or shipments
