1、Designation: C1696 13bStandard Guide forIndustrial Thermal Insulation Systems1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1696; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parenth
2、eses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers information on selection of insulationmaterials, systems design, application methods, protectivecoverings, guarantees, inspection, tes
3、ting, and maintenance ofthermal insulation primarily for industrial applications in atemperature range of -320 to 1200F (-195.5 to 648.8C).1.2 This guide is intended to provide practical guidelines,by applying acceptable current practice while indicating thebasic principles by which new materials ca
4、n be assessed andadapted for use under widely differing conditions. Designengineers, the general contractors, the fabricators, and theinsulation contractors will find this guide helpful.1.3 Although some insulation system designs can serve asfire protection, this guide does not address the criteria
5、specificto that need. API 521 Guide for Pressure-Relieving andDepressuring Systems is recommended as a reference for fireprotection. This guide will however address the fire propertiesof insulation materials.1.4 This guide is not intended for commercial, architectural,acoustical, marine, vehicle tra
6、nsport, or military use.1.5 This guide does not address insulation system design forrefractory linings or cold boxes whereby these are typicallypackage units and of a proprietary insulation design.1.6 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parenthese
7、s are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate saf
8、ety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A167 Specification for Stainless and Heat-ResistingChromium-Nickel Steel Plate, Sheet, and StripA240/A240M Specification for Chromium and Chromium-Nickel Stainl
9、ess Steel Plate, Sheet, and Strip for PressureVessels and for General ApplicationsA653/A653M Specification for Steel Sheet, Zinc-Coated(Galvanized) or Zinc-Iron Alloy-Coated (Galvannealed)by the Hot-Dip ProcessA792/A792M Specification for Steel Sheet, 55 %Aluminum-Zinc Alloy-Coated by the Hot-Dip Pr
10、ocessB209 Specification for Aluminum and Aluminum-AlloySheet and PlateC165 Test Method for Measuring Compressive Properties ofThermal InsulationsC168 Terminology Relating to Thermal InsulationC177 Test Method for Steady-State Heat Flux Measure-ments and Thermal Transmission Properties by Means ofthe
11、 Guarded-Hot-Plate ApparatusC195 Specification for Mineral Fiber Thermal InsulatingCementC203 Test Methods for Breaking Load and Flexural Proper-ties of Block-Type Thermal InsulationC209 Test Methods for Cellulosic Fiber Insulating BoardC240 Test Methods of Testing Cellular Glass InsulationBlockC272
12、 Test Method for Water Absorption of Core Materialsfor Structural Sandwich ConstructionsC302 Test Method for Density and Dimensions of Pre-formed Pipe-Covering-Type Thermal InsulationC303 Test Method for Dimensions and Density of Pre-formed Block and BoardType Thermal InsulationC335 Test Method for
13、Steady-State Heat Transfer Propertiesof Pipe InsulationC354 Test Method for Compressive Strength of ThermalInsulating or Finishing Cement (Withdrawn 2002)31This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C16 on ThermalInsulation and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C16.40 on Insul
14、ationSystems.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2013. Published December 2013. Originallyapproved in 2012. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as C169613a. DOI:10.1520/C169613B.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org.
15、 For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959
16、. United States1C356 Test Method for Linear Shrinkage of Preformed High-Temperature Thermal Insulation Subjected to SoakingHeatC411 Test Method for Hot-Surface Performance of High-Temperature Thermal InsulationC446 Test Method for Breaking Load and Calculated Modu-lus of Rupture of Preformed Insulat
17、ion for Pipes (With-drawn 2002)3C447 Practice for Estimating the Maximum Use Tempera-ture of Thermal InsulationsC449 Specification for Mineral Fiber Hydraulic-SettingThermal Insulating and Finishing CementC450 Practice for Fabrication of Thermal Insulating FittingCovers for NPS Piping, and Vessel La
18、ggingC518 Test Method for Steady-State Thermal TransmissionProperties by Means of the Heat Flow Meter ApparatusC533 Specification for Calcium Silicate Block and PipeThermal InsulationC534 Specification for Preformed Flexible Elastomeric Cel-lular Thermal Insulation in Sheet and Tubular FormC547 Spec
19、ification for Mineral Fiber Pipe InsulationC552 Specification for Cellular Glass Thermal InsulationC553 Specification for Mineral Fiber Blanket Thermal Insu-lation for Commercial and Industrial ApplicationsC578 Specification for Rigid, Cellular Polystyrene ThermalInsulationC591 Specification for Unf
20、aced Preformed Rigid CellularPolyisocyanurate Thermal InsulationC592 Specification for Mineral Fiber Blanket Insulation andBlanket-Type Pipe Insulation (Metal-Mesh Covered) (In-dustrial Type)C610 Specification for Molded Expanded Perlite Block andPipe Thermal InsulationC612 Specification for Mineral
21、 Fiber Block and BoardThermal InsulationC680 Practice for Estimate of the Heat Gain or Loss and theSurface Temperatures of Insulated Flat, Cylindrical, andSpherical Systems by Use of Computer ProgramsC692 Test Method for Evaluating the Influence of ThermalInsulations on External Stress Corrosion Cra
22、cking Ten-dency of Austenitic Stainless SteelC764 Specification for Mineral Fiber Loose-Fill ThermalInsulationC795 Specification for Thermal Insulation for Use in Con-tact with Austenitic Stainless SteelC800 Specification for Fibrous Glass Blanket Insulation(Aircraft Type)C871 Test Methods for Chemi
23、cal Analysis of Thermal Insu-lation Materials for Leachable Chloride, Fluoride, Silicate,and Sodium IonsC1029 Specification for Spray-Applied Rigid Cellular Poly-urethane Thermal InsulationC1055 Guide for Heated System Surface Conditions thatProduce Contact Burn InjuriesC1057 Practice for Determinat
24、ion of Skin Contact Tempera-ture from Heated Surfaces Using a Mathematical Modeland ThermesthesiometerC1104/C1104M Test Method for Determining the WaterVapor Sorption of Unfaced Mineral Fiber InsulationC1126 Specification for Faced or Unfaced Rigid CellularPhenolic Thermal InsulationC1139 Specificat
25、ion for Fibrous Glass Thermal Insulationand Sound Absorbing Blanket and Board for MilitaryApplicationsC1289 Specification for Faced Rigid Cellular Polyisocyanu-rate Thermal Insulation BoardC1393 Specification for Perpendicularly Oriented MineralFiber Roll and Sheet Thermal Insulation for Pipes andTa
26、nksC1559 Test Method for Determining Wicking of FibrousGlass Blanket Insulation (Aircraft Type)C1729 Specification for Aluminum Jacketing for InsulationD1621 Test Method for Compressive Properties of RigidCellular PlasticsD1622 Test Method for Apparent Density of Rigid CellularPlasticsD2126 Test Met
27、hod for Response of Rigid Cellular Plasticsto Thermal and Humid AgingD2842 Test Method for Water Absorption of Rigid CellularPlasticsE84 Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics ofBuilding MaterialsE96/E96M Test Methods for Water Vapor Transmission ofMaterialsE136 Test Method for Behavior of
28、Materials in a VerticalTube Furnace at 750CE176 Terminology of Fire StandardsE659 Test Method for Autoignition Temperature of LiquidChemicalsE2652 Test Method for Behavior of Materials in a TubeFurnace with a Cone-shaped Airflow Stabilizer, at 750C2.2 API Standard:API 521 Guide for Pressure-Relievin
29、g and DepressuringSystems42.3 NACE Standard:SP0198 Standard PracticeThe Control of Corrosion UnderThermal Insulation and Fireproofing MaterialsA Sys-tem Approach52.4 NFPA Standards:6NFPA 49 Hazardous Chemicals DataNFPA 90A Standard for the Installation of Air Conditioningand Ventilating SystemsNFPA
30、259 Standard Test Method for Potential Heat ofBuilding Materials2.5 Federal Standard:40 CFR 60 Protection of EnvironmentStandards of Per-formance for New Stationary Sources74Available from the American Petroleum Institute, 1220 L St., NW, Washington,DC 20005-4070.5Available from the NationalAssociat
31、ion of Corrosion Engineers, 1440 S. CreekDr., Houston, TX 77084-4906.6Available from the National Fire Protection Association, 1 Batterymarch Park,Quincy, MA 02269-9101.7Available from the U.S. Government Printing Office, Superintendent ofDocuments, 732 N. Capital St., NW, Washington, DC 20402-0001.
32、C1696 13b23. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsTerminology C168 is recommended to pro-vide definitions and information on symbols, units, and abbre-viations of terms used inASTM standards pertaining to thermalinsulation materials and materials associated with them. Ter-minology E176 is recommended to provid
33、e terms and standarddefinitions for fire standards. Any term used in this guide thatis not defined in Terminology C168 or E176 will be defined inthe section in which the term is used.3.2 Acronyms and Abbreviations:3.2.1 ACMasbestos-containing materials3.2.2 ACTautoignition temperature3.2.3 ASJall se
34、rvice jacket3.2.4 CPVCchlorinated polyvinyl chloride3.2.5 DFTdry film thickness3.2.6 EPAEnvironmental Protection Agency3.2.7 FRPfiberglass-reinforced plastic3.2.8 FSI/SDIflame spread index/smoke developed index3.2.9 MSDSmaterial safety data sheet3.2.10 NAIMANorth American Insulation ManufacturersAss
35、ociation3.2.11 NDTnondestructive testing3.2.12 NFPANational Fire Protection Association3.2.13 OSHAOccupational Safety and Health Administra-tion3.2.14 PVCpolyvinyl chloride3.2.15 QA/QCquality assurance/quality control3.2.16 SSstainless steel3.2.17 UVultraviolet3.2.18 WVTwater vapor transmission4. Si
36、gnificance and Use4.1 When choosing a thermal insulation product or combi-nation of products, physical, chemical and mechanical proper-ties and the significance of those properties should be consid-ered. ASTM test methods are usually performed underlaboratory conditions and may not accurately repres
37、ent fieldconditions depending on process temperature, environment,and operating conditions. Performance results obtained usingASTM test methods can be used to determine compliance ofmaterials to specifications but do not necessarily predictinstalled performance. Values stated in the ASTM materialsta
38、ndards are those that apply to the majority of materials andnot to any specific product; other tested values may exist forspecific material applications.4.2 Design of thermal insulation systems requires the un-derstanding of process requirements, temperature control, heatloss criteria, control of th
39、ermal shock, and mechanical forceson insulation generated by thermal gradients and wind envi-ronmental conditions. Sometimes, the mechanical design ofpiping and equipment needs to be modified to support insula-tion adequately and provide for insulation weatherproofing.Process requirements may dictat
40、e the control of critical tem-perature to prevent freezing, maintain viscosity, or minimizeinternal corrosion. When handling heat transfer fluids such asethylene oxide or hot oils, the selection of insulation materialsand the insulation system design becomes critical. whereby Ifthese fluids are abso
41、rb in insulation materials, the fluid flashpoint could be below the fluid operating temperature. Specifiedheat gain or heat loss and acceptable surface temperaturescould also dictate thermal design of insulation systems. Envi-ronmental corrosivity, high wind, and extreme ambient tem-peratures affect
42、 the selection of weatherproofing and methodsof its securement. A combination of these factors plays asignificant role in the selection of insulation materials andapplication methods to provide long-lasting trouble-free ser-vice.4.3 Application methods are generally defined by the pur-chasers specif
43、ications. However, some specialty insulationsystems, such as prefabricated insulation panels for ductwork,precipitators, and tanks, will also have supplemental installa-tion requirements specified by the insulation system manufac-turer. defined by the specification of the manufacturer.4.4 In any app
44、lication of thermal insulation, the insulationrequires protection of some type, be it protection from theelements such as rain, snow, sleet, wind, ultraviolet solarradiation, protection from external forces that can causemechanical damage, vapor passage, fire, chemical attack, orany combination of t
45、hese. This protection can be provided inby metal, plastic, coated or laminated composites or both,mastic coatings, or a combination of the above depending uponthe application, service, and economic requirements. Consid-ering the enormous overall cost of a new facility, and compar-ing the initial cos
46、t of the insulated portion as a small percentageof that overall cost with the substantially increased operatingcost as a result of inefficient insulation protection, it is commonsense to provide only the best insulation system available andthe best protection for that long-term investment consistent
47、with the appropriate design and economic requirements. Usu-ally a new facility is very expensive and the initial cost of theinsulation portion is a small percentage of that overall cost.However, increased operating costs can result from inefficientprotection.4.5 Bid invitations should contain inform
48、ation necessary todetermine how guarantees of materials and application will beresolved.4.6 It is recommended that the purchaser provide a qualityassurance program that defines the inspection of all materials,material safety data sheets (MSDS), and specific applicationprocedures before and during pr
49、ogress of the insulation work.4.7 During contract negotiations, the contractor and pur-chaser should discuss and agree to the procedures to be adoptedfor suitable periodic inspection and maintenance of the insu-lation systems to ensure that the initial performance of thematerial will be maintained. And, where applicable, theyshould agree to the methods of repair and replacement to beadopted in case damage occurs during service or overhaul.5. Significant Physical Properties of Thermal InsulationMaterials5.1 Apparent Thermal Conductivity:5.1.1 The apparent
