1、Designation:C152810 Designation: C1528 12Standard Guide forSelection of Dimension Stone1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1528; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number
2、in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONNatural stone, while being perhaps the oldest building material known to man, can also be one ofthe most difficult of all building materials t
3、o properly evaluate, select, and specify. Every natural stoneproduct is unique, having its own physical properties and performance capabilities. Responsible stoneselection involves extensive and objective evaluation of both the stone material and the application inwhich it is required to perform.Thi
4、s guide presents a cursory review of the different stone types commonly used in construction,common applications, available finishes, and factors affecting product costs. It is intended to be usedin combination with good judgment, responsible engineering analysis, local building codes, and anyother
5、available resources. It is not a “how-to” or a “step-by-step” guide, and has been prepared withthe assumption that the user has some familiarity in the use of natural stone prior to utilizing thisguide.Past performance is the best test of a dimension stones durability. Yet because the physicalproper
6、ties of a natural stone can vary within a single deposit, even stones with a history of satisfactoryperformance may need to be tested to ascertain the quality of the current production stock. Commonphysical property tests include absorption, density, compressive strength, modulus of rupture, flexura
7、lstrength, abrasion resistance, and anchor strength. Additional tests may also be required depending onthe material and application.In a high proportion of the cases, failure of a natural stone in service is a result of improperapplication, rather than the inherent properties of the stone. Placing s
8、tones in unsuitable environments,faulty fabrication, installation, or construction practices, and incompatible associated materials arefrequent causes of stone system failures (for example, high-porosity stones in subgrade applications,inadequate anchorage or expansion space, mortars leaching alkali
9、s, inappropriate strength mortars,staining grouts, voids in setting beds, and pavement stones with inadequate resistance to abrasion).In selection of natural dimension stone products, the application as well as the aesthetic appeal mustbe considered. While aesthetics are important to the design, the
10、 selection of the proper stone material,thickness, anchorage, and related components is necessary to ensure meeting the performance anddurability requirements of the design.1. Scope1.1 This guide is intended to be used by architects, engineers, specifiers, contractors, and material suppliers who des
11、ign, select,specify, install, purchase, fabricate, or supply natural stone products for construction applications.1.2 Consensus StandardThis guide is an industry consensus standard drafted in a cooperative effort among engineers,architects, geologists, producers, and installers of natural stone.2. R
12、eferenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C97 Test Methods for Absorption and Bulk Specific Gravity of Dimension StoneC99 Test Method for Modulus of Rupture of Dimension Stone1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C18 on Dimension Stone and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
13、C18.08 on Selection of DimensionStone.Current edition approved Sept.Jan. 1, 2010.2012. Published October 2010.January 2012. Originally approved in 2002. Last previous edition approved in 20092010 asC152809a.C152810. DOI: 10.1520/C1528-102.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.a
14、stm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.1This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of wha
15、t changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the
16、 official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.C119 Terminology Relating to Dimension StoneC120 Test Methods of Flexure Testing of Slate (Breaking Load, Modulus of Rupture, Modulus of Elasticity)C121 Test Method fo
17、r Water Absorption of SlateC170 Test Method for Compressive Strength of Dimension StoneC217 Test Method for Weather Resistance of SlateC241 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Stone Subjected to Foot TrafficC295 Guide for Petrographic Examination of Aggregates for ConcreteC503 Specification for M
18、arble Dimension StoneC568 Specification for Limestone Dimension StoneC615 Specification for Granite Dimension StoneC616 Specification for Quartz-Based Dimension StoneC629 Specification for Slate Dimension StoneC880 Test Method for Flexural Strength of Dimension StoneC856 Practice for Petrographic Ex
19、amination of Hardened ConcreteC1201 Test Method for Structural Performance of Exterior Dimension Stone Cladding Systems by Uniform Static Air PressureDifferenceC1242 Guide for Selection, Design, and Installation of Dimension Stone Attachment SystemsC1352 Test Method for Flexural Modulus of Elasticit
20、y of Dimension StoneC1353 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Dimension Stone Subjected to Foot Traffic Using a Rotary Platform,Double-Head AbraserC1354 Test Method for Strength of Individual Stone Anchorages in Dimension StoneC1526 Specification for Serpentine Dimension StoneC1527 Specification
21、for Travertine Dimension StoneC1721 Guide for Petrographic Examination of Dimension StoneD2203 Test Method for Staining from Sealants2.2 Provisions of dimension stone handbooks, manuals, and specifications should be reviewed for compatibility with theprinciples outlined in this guide.3. Terminology3
22、.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this guide, refer to Terminology C119.4. Significance and Use4.1 Related ComponentsNatural stone is only one component of a buildings construction. All related materials andassemblies need to be evaluated to ensure compatible interactive behavior with t
23、he stone product.4.2 Applicable CodesEvery stone application shall comply with applicable building codes.EXTERIOR APPLICATIONS OF DIMENSION STONES5. Introduction5.1 Natural stones have long been used and admired for their beauty and permanence. As a natural material, each piece of stonehas features
24、and physical characteristics that make it unique. The rich variation in color and texture, as well as its ability to agegracefully in the exterior environment, has made stone one of the most popular materials for construction, sculpture, andmonuments.5.2 Varieties of stone possess certain properties
25、 making it suitable for a specific application. Stone geology (mineral content andstructure), compressive strength, flexural strength, resistance to absorption and erosion, as well as its ability to be worked, varywidely by stone type. These are all key characteristics that dictate the best use of t
26、he material and must be considered during theprocess of stone selection.6. Applications6.1 Several major categories of stone applications are introduced briefly as follows:7. Load-Bearing Masonry7.1 Load-bearing masonry is perhaps the oldest form of stone construction. Its defining feature is the tr
27、ansferring of structuralload vertically by relying on the compressive strength of the stone to support itself and other imposed loads. Due to the weightof the stone itself, structures built in this manner tend to be of limited height. As the height of the structure increases, the wallthickness at th
28、e structures base must increase, thus requiring large individual stones, or multiple wythes of stone. The costs of suchwalls are typically higher than other systems, due to the large amount of stone and labor involved.8. Cladding8.1 In response to the limitations and expense of load-bearing masonry,
29、 stone cladding systems were developed. CladdingC1528 122systems can offer the appearance of load-bearing masonry but without the mass and expense. Cladding systems also offer a widevariety of applications, allowing greater architectural innovation.8.2 When stone is used as cladding, it is exposed t
30、o unique loading characteristics that can require complex structural analysisand detailing in order to be used successfully. Materials other than stone are also often integrated into cladding systems, requiringconsideration of their material properties as well as compatibility with the stone compone
31、nts.9. Building Trim9.1 Stone has been and continues to be used in architecture to accent other building materials, or to perform a specific purpose.Stone is often integrated into wall systems as decorative belt courses, window sills, lintels, arches, or water tables. Stone can addan element of inte
32、rest to buildings, in addition to performing as a durable wall component with a specific and well-defined purpose.10. Pavements10.1 From cobblestone streets to modern plazas, stone is used to carry vehicle and pedestrian traffic. Modern systems includethose bearing on pedestals and traditional sand
33、or cement-based setting bed systems.10.2 Materials used for steps must have a high resistance to abrasion and provide a surface with adequate slip resistance forpublic safety. Many varieties of dimension stones, with appropriate finish, will satisfy both of these requirements.11. Steps11.1 Materials
34、 used for steps must have a high resistance to abrasion and provide a surface with adequate slip resistance forpublic safety. Many varieties of dimension stones, with appropriate finish, will satisfy both of these requirements.11.2 Steps are manufactured from dimension stones as “cubic,” in which th
35、e tread and riser faces are of one piece of stone, andalso “veneered” in which multiple pieces of thin stone material are placed over a concrete or steel frame to form the tread and risersurfaces.12. Coping12.1 Wall systems that are fully exposed to the environment, such as roof parapet walls, balco
36、ny and terrace enclosure walls,and planter walls, are particularly susceptible to water penetration. Stone coping and wall caps are often used to help protect theunderlying wall system from excessive moisture penetration and associated distress.12.2 Copings and wall caps can also add a visual accent
37、 to the wall system, improving the appearance of the wall system bydefining changes in the wall configuration.12.3 Stone copings and wall caps are typically jointed, therefore, protection of the wall system is also reliant on proper treatmentof the joints.13. Roofing13.1 Roofing applications for nat
38、ural stone are typically limited to slate, a variety of stone that can be quarried and fabricatedinto thin, shingle-shaped elements. Dense, nonporous stones can provide a durable, water-resistant roof system that effectivelyutilizes the unique physical characteristics of the material.14. Ornamental,
39、 Sculpture, and Monumental Elements14.1 Many varieties of stone possess characteristics that make them a desirable material for sculpting and carving. Most stonevarieties can be worked by hand or power tools into unique shapes and representations, including engravings and reliefs. Properlyselected s
40、tones can demonstrate resistance to environmental effects, thereby providing a sense of permanence to monuments anddecorative sculpted items.COMMON DIMENSION STONE TYPES15. General15.1 By strict geological definitions, hundreds of rock types are used as dimension stones. The commercial definitions o
41、f theserock types are much broader, allowing materials with similar performance and behavioral characteristics to be grouped together.Therefore, stones of different scientific geological definitions will be included in the same commercially-defined group. Usingthese broad commercial definitions, mos
42、t materials used as dimension stone will fall under one of seven classifications: Granite,Marble, Limestone, Quartz-Based, Slate, Serpentine, or Travertine.15.2 The finish applied to a stone may have more bearing on its suitability for use than the type of stone. While polished orhoned surfaces are
43、often used for cladding materials, these finishes are not recommended for walking surfaces because they do notdemonstrate the frictional properties necessary for safe pedestrian ambulation. Refer to Section 36 for more detailed discussionsof finish types.15.3 Most dimension stones are known by an in
44、dustry trade name. In many cases, a particular stone will be given different tradenames by different fabricators or brokers. Therefore, the trade name alone my not be adequate to identify the selected material.Including the origin (quarry location) and quarry owner in the specification will help min
45、imize confusion in material identification.C1528 12315.4 For major projects, sufficient inventory of block material is rarely available at any one fabricators facility. Supply of rawblock material from the quarry to the fabricator will usually occur concurrently with fabrication throughout the durat
46、ion of theproject. The production capacity of the quarry, in addition to any transportation difficulties must be carefully evaluated to ensureuninterrupted delivery of material throughout the projects construction.15.5 Quarries of all dimension stone types will have unique capabilities and limitatio
47、ns. Natural fissures and fracture planes inthe quarry will limit available piece size and yield. The supplier of the material must be consulted during the design phase of theproject to ensure that the project requirements can be satisfied by the specified material. Specific grades (for example, sele
48、ct,monumental, structural, architectural, quarry-run, clear, variegated) may be identified in the material to further define the colorrange or clarity of the stock quality.15.6 Fabricators of natural stone products use a variety of machinery from worldwide sources. The stone products themselvesexhib
49、it vastly different strength and workability properties, as well as widely varying availability of raw stock sizes and qualities.As a result of these variables in product and machinery, there is less standardization of stone product offerings and sizes than aretypically found in the supply of other construction components. The thicknesses of the stone slabs will generally adhere to standardofferings, and detailing materials to correspond with recognized industry standard slab thicknesses will benefit the project in botheconomy and delivery. Table 1 lists common slab thic
