1、Designation: C 1419 99aStandard Test Method forSonic Velocity in Refractory Materials at Room Temperatureand Its Use in Obtaining an Approximate Youngs Modulus1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 1419; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal a
2、doption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method describes a procedure for measuringthe sonic veloci
3、ty in refractory materials at room temperature.The sonic velocity can be used to obtain an approximate valuefor Youngs modulus.1.2 The sonic velocity may be measured through the length,thickness, and width of the specimen.1.3 This standard does not purport to address the safetyconcerns, if any, asso
4、ciated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety andhealth practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:C 134 Test Methods for Size, Dimensional Measurements,and Bulk
5、 Density of Refractory Brick and InsulatingFirebrick2C 179 Test Method for Drying and Firing Linear Change ofRefractory Plastic and Ramming Mix Specimens2C 769 Test Method for Sonic Velocity in ManufacturedCarbon and Graphite Materials for Use in Obtaining anApproximate Youngs Modulus2C 885 Test Met
6、hod for Youngs Modulus of RefractoryShapes by Sonic Resonance2E 177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias inASTM Test Methods3E 380 Practice for Use of the International System of Units(SI) (the Modernized Metric System)3E 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine t
7、he Precision of a Test Method33. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 longitudinal sonic pulse, na sonic pulse in which thedisplacements are in the direction of propagation of the pulse.3.1.2 pulse travel time, (Tt), nthe total time, measured inmicroseconds, required f
8、or the sonic pulse to traverse thespecimen being tested, and for the associated electronic signalsto traverse the circuits of the pulse propagation circuitry.3.1.3 zero time, (To), nthe travel time (correction factor),measured in microseconds, associated with the electroniccircuits in the pulse-prop
9、agation system.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The velocity of sound waves passing through the testspecimen is determined by measuring the distance through thespecimen and dividing by the time lapse between the transmit-ted pulse and the received pulse.4,5An approximate value forYoungs modulus can be o
10、btained as follows:E 5rv2(1)where:E 5 Youngs modulus of elasticity, Pa,r5density, kg/m3, andv 5 signal velocity, m/s.4.2 Strictly speaking, the elastic constant given by thismeasurement is not E but C33, provided the sonic pulse islongitudinal and the direction of propagation is along the axisof sym
11、metry.4,55. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is used to determine the sonic velocityand approximate Youngs modulus of refractory shapes atroom temperature. Since this test is nondestructive, specimensmay be used for other tests as desired.5.2 This test method is useful for research and devel
12、opment,engineering application and design, manufacturing quality andprocess control, and for developing purchasing specifications.6. Apparatus6.1 Driving Circuit, which consists of an ultra sonic pulsegenerator capable of producing pulses in a frequency rangefrom 0.5 to 2.5 MHz.6.2 Transducer, input
13、.6.3 Transducer, output.6.4 Oscilloscope, dual trace with a preamplifier and timedelay circuity.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C-8 onRefractories and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C08.01 on Strength.Current edition approved Oct. 10, 1999. Published Novem
14、ber 1999. Originallypublished as C 1419 99. Last previous edition C 1419 99.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.01.3Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.4Schreiber, Anderson, and Soga, “Elastic Constants and Their Measurement,”McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10
15、020, 1973.5American Institute of Physics Handbook, 3rd ed., McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1221Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020, 1972, pp. 398ff.1Copyright ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.6.5 See Fig. 1 for a typical set-up.7. Test Specimen7.1 Specimens
16、may be prisms of any desired length withparallel smooth surfaces. Opposite surfaces across the length,width, and thickness shall be parallel. The smallest dimensionshall be greater than 5 times the diameter of the largestaggregate in the refractory. The surface on which the transduc-ers will be loca
17、ted must have a width of at least 1.5 times thediameter of the transducer being used.7.2 Dry the specimens in an oven at 110C (230F) for aminimum of 5 h. Cool to room temperature. Test for sonicvelocity within5hofdrying.7.3 Measurement of Density and DimensionsCalculatethe density of the specimens b
18、y Test Methods C 134 anddetermine the specimen lengths by either Test Methods C 134or C 179.8. Procedure8.1 Assemble and connect the apparatus as shown in Fig. 1and refer to the equipment manufacturers instructions for hookup precautions. If using commercially available equipmentdesigned to measure
19、sonic velocity, refer to the manufacturersset-up and operating instructions.6Allow adequate time for thetest apparatus to warm up and stabilize.8.2 Provide a suitable coupling medium on the transducerfaces.NOTE 1Petroleum jelly or grease couple well but may be difficult toremove for subsequent tests
20、 on the same specimen.8.3 Position the transducers on opposite surfaces so thatthey provide a mirror image and that the distance between theinput transducer and the output transducer is minimal andequals the dimension through which the measurement isperformed.8.4 Bring the transducer faces into inti
21、mate contact, but donot exceed the manufacturers recommended contact pressure.8.5 Determine To, the zero time (zero correction) measuredin microseconds, associated with the electronic circuits in thepulse propagation instrument and coupling. Alternately, if acommercially available apparatus is used,
22、 which utilizes a zerooffset and a supplied calibration standard, the instrument canbe zeroed using the standard and Todoes not have to bedetermined or used in the final calculation.8.6 Measure and weigh and calculate the density of the testspecimen as in 7.3.8.7 Lightly coat the faces of the test s
23、pecimen that will be incontact with the transducers with the coupling medium. Placethe transducers against the test specimen. Apply firm pressureuntil the pulse travel time stabilizes.8.8 Determine Tt, the pulse travel time from the oscilloscopetraces as illustrated in Fig. 2, or, if the instrument
24、used has azero correction, Tc, the corrected travel time.6Equipment found suitable for use is available from James Instruments Inc.,3727 N. Kedzie Avenue, Chicago, IL 60618.FIG. 1 Equipment Set-upC 141929. Calculation9.1 Velocity of Signal:v 5LTt2 To(2)orv 5LTc(3)where:v 5 velocity of signal, m/s,L
25、5 distance between the two transducers, the dimensionthrough which the measurement is performed, m,Tt5 pulse travel time, s,To5 zero times, s, andTc5 corrected travel time (TtTo), s.9.2 An appropriate value for Youngs modulus of thespecimen can be obtained using the following equation:E 5rv2(4)where
26、:E 5 Youngs modulus of elasticity, Pa (approximate),r5density, kg/m3, andv 5 signal velocity, m/s.9.3 Conversion FactorsSee Practice E 380.10. Report10.1 Report the following information:10.1.1 Specimen dimensions and weight.10.1.2 Sonic velocity for each specimen.10.1.3 Density for each specimen, i
27、f calculated.10.1.4 Youngs modulus for each specimen, if calculated.10.1.5 It is recommended that the average and standarddeviation values be included for each group of specimens.10.1.6 Frequency of the transducers used and sonic velocityequipment identification.10.1.7 Method of coupling the transdu
28、cers to the specimen.10.1.8 As available a complete identification of the materialbeing tested including manufacturer, brand, lot number, firinghistory, and specimen sampling plan.11. Precision and Bias11.1 Interlaboratory Test DataAn interlaboratory studywas completed among nine laboratories in 199
29、6. A standard setof samples consisting of five different refractory materials anda Plexiglas prism were circulated and tested by each labora-tory.7The samples tested were Plexiglas, two high aluminabrick (SR-90 and SR-99), an alumina insulating brick (B-301),an isopressed alumina shape (A-1148), and
30、 a zircon brick(ZRX). The dimensions of all samples were approximately 228mm 3 114 mm 3 75 mm (9 in. 3 4.5 in. 3 3 in.) Eachlaboratory measured and weighed each sample and tested eachfor signal travel time. Each time was the average of three testdeterminations.11.2 PrecisionTables 1 and 2 contain th
31、e precision statis-tics for the sonic velocity and approximate Youngs modulusresults, respectively. The terms repeatability limit and repro-ducibility limit are used as specified in Practice E 177.11.3 BiasNo justifiable statement can be made on the biasof the test method for measuring the sonic vel
32、ocity andapproximate Youngs modulus of refractories because thevalue of the sonic velocity and approximate Youngs moduluscan be defined only in terms of the test method.12. Keywords12.1 modulus of elasticity; refractories; sonic velocity;Youngs modulus7Since these samples were not destroyed in testi
33、ng, they are being retained incustody by C08.01 for future reference and test development.FIG. 2 Typical Oscilloscope DisplayTABLE 1 Precision Statistics for Sonic VelocityMaterialAverage(m/s)Std. Dev.WithinLabs, SrStd. Dev.BetweenLabs, SRRepeatabilityLimit, rReproducibilityLimit, RPlexiglas 2731.3
34、1.19 28.97 3.37 81.93A-1148 9223.3 18.29 182.59 51.73 516.36B-301 2511.6 6.96 43.49 19.68 122.98SR-90 3911 19.5 81.26 55.15 229.8SR-99 4697.5 9.35 81.12 26.45 229.44ZRX 5789.8 39.99 126.94 113.09 358.99TABLE 2 Precision Statistics for Approximate Youngs ModulusMaterialAverage(MPa)Std. Dev.WithinLabs
35、, SrStd. Dev.BetweenLabs, SRRepeatabilityLimit, rReproducibilityLimit, RPlexiglas 8970 8.42 191 23.8 541A-1148 293000 1190 11500 3370 32600B-301 9380 52 317 147 896SR-90 43400 434 1590 1230 4500SR-99 67900 829 2180 2340 6170ZRX 90400 1270 4370 3590 12300C 14193The American Society for Testing and Ma
36、terials takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connectionwith any item mentioned in this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any suchpatent rights, and the risk of infringement of such rights, are entirely t
37、heir own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand shoul
38、d be addressed to ASTM Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsibletechnical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you should make yourviews known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, 100 Barr
39、 Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States. Individualreprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the above address or at 610-832-9585(phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website (http:/www.astm.org).C 14194
