1、Designation: C 1407 98 (Reapproved 2005)Standard Practice forCalculating Areas, Volume, and Linear Change of RefractoryShapes1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 1407; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revisio
2、n, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers the methods of calculating areas,volumes, and linear changes of irregularly shape
3、d refractoryspecimens.1.2 Areas of irregular (both conventional and shaped) speci-mens are required for determining the creep of certain refrac-tory products.1.3 Linear and volume changes or irregularly shaped refrac-tories are required for determining reheat change.1.4 The values stated in SI units
4、 are to be regarded as thestandard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limit
5、ations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C20 Test Methods for Apparent Porosity, Water Absorp-tion, Apparent Specific Gravity, and Bulk Density ofBurned Refractory Brick and Shapes by Boiling WaterC 830 Test Methods for Apparent Porosity, Liquid Absorp-tion, Apparent Specific G
6、ravity, and Bulk Density byVacuum Pressure3. Significance and Use3.1 Fireclay steel-teeming nozzles and sleeves are classifiedby volume reheat change. Bloating of some refractories resultsin irregular reheat dimensions, which are difficult to measure.This practice determines the volume without depen
7、ding uponphysical linear measurements.3.2 Blast furnace checkers that have irregular cross-sectionsare classified by “creep properties.” This practice determinesthe average cross-sectional area without requiring area mea-surements.4. Procedure4.1 The test specimens shall have their volume (VA) pre-d
8、etermined using the standard procedure described in TestMethods C20or C 830.4.2 Dry the specimens to constant weight.4.3 Weigh the specimens to the nearest 0.1 g and record asW.4.4 If the specimens have parallel faces (such as groundsurfaces for applying load for creep data) measure the length tothe
9、 nearest 0.005 in. (0.13 mm) and record as L.5. Calculation5.1 Area of Creep Specimens (Irregular Cross-Sections):5.1.1area A! 5volumeV! C20or C 830! cm3length L! cm!5 cm2104m2! (1)5.1.2volumeV!5weightW! g!bulk density g/cm3!5 cm3106m3! (2)5.1.3 Illustration:Weight (W) = 375.2 gBulk Density = 2.56 g
10、/cm3(Mg/m3)Length (L) = 10.795 cm (102m)V 5375.22.565 146.56 cm3106m3! (3)A 5VolumeLength5146.5610.795 102m!5 13.58 cm2104m2! (4)5.2 Volume Change of Reheat Specimens:% volume change DV! 5VB VAVA3 100 (5)where:VA= original volume, cm3(106m3)1This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee C
11、08 on Refractoriesand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C08.03 on Physical Properties.Current edition approved March 1, 2005. Published March 2005. Originallyapproved in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 1998 as C 1407 - 98.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www
12、.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.VB= f
13、inal reheat volume, cm3(106m3), andDV =(VB-VA) change in volume from State A to State B(volume obtained from either Test Method C20orTest Method C 830).5.3 Converting % Volume Change DV to % Linear ChangeDL of Reheat Specimens:5.3.1 If volume change is negative (shrinkage) then:% linear change DL! 5
14、 1 1 1DV/100!1/3# 3 100 (6)5.3.1.1 Illustrate for an 8 % volume change (shrinkage) as:% linear change DL! 5 1 1 0.08!1/3# 3 100 (7)5 10.92!1/3 3 1005 1 0.973 % 3 1005 0.027 3 100 5 2.7 %5.3.2 If the volume change is positive (expansion) then:% linear change DL! 5 11 % DV/100!1/313 100 (8)5.3.2.1 Ill
15、ustrate for a +8 % volume change (expansion) as:% linear change DL! 5 1 1 0.08!1/313 100 (9)5 1.026 1! 3 1005 0.026 3 100 5 2.6 %NOTE 1The linear reheat change calculated from the volume changeis only an approximation and may be different from a measured value.6. Keywords6.1 area; checkers; creep; F
16、ireclay nozzle; Fireclay sleeves;irregular shapes; linear change; refractories; reheat change;volume; volume changeASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly ad
17、vised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, eithe
18、r reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend.
19、If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).C 1407 98 (2005)2
